Using Monte Carlo simulations to translate military and law enforcement training results to operational metrics

There are numerous challenges comparing research initiatives due to methodological differences and scenario-specific problems. Military and law enforcement issues present an extreme variant of this challenge. Specifically, assessment and training scenarios strive for realism, but operators cannot engage one another with live rounds or induce the full spectrum of environmental stressors for obvious safety reasons. Instead, particular factors are evaluated in a given scenario via experimental statistics despite the inherent difficulty in communicating inferential statistics to the intended audience of military and law enforcement professionals. The current investigation explores how Monte Carlo simulations can use probabilistic distribution sampling to convert statistical inferences into concrete operational outcomes. Using this type of distribution sampling, statistical inferences can be translated into operational metrics such as the probability of winning a gunfight. Describing these statistical values and effect sizes in terms of survival provides a more appreciable operational metric that military and law enforcement personnel can use when evaluating the advantages of various training platforms or equipment. Several approaches are examined that each accomplish this general goal, including circumstances outside of marksmanship and lethal force decision-making.

The Classical Developmental State in Korea

This chapter explores the characteristics of the classical developmental state in Korea in the Park Chung Hee era of the 1960s and 1970s, how it was established, and how it evolved. Neoliberals emphasize the free market of the 1960s in the Park Chung Hee era. By contrast, most developmental state (DS) scholars focus on the HCI drive of the 1970s to identify the typical developmental state in Korea. However, unlike the arguments of neoliberals and DS theorists, this chapter reveals that the basic characteristics of the Korean classical developmental state, including state-guided capitalism and export-led industrialization, were already established in the 1960s, although the 1970s saw a shift to an extreme variant of developmental state. In addition, unlike historical institutionalists’ emphasis on historical legacy of Japanese colonialism, this chapter emphatically examines the political process of elite competition for the origin of Korean DS.

Estimation of area of photovoltaic panels for electric buses in Warsaw. Extreme variant

The aim of this paper is to estimate the area of power plants based on renewables (photovoltaic panels) for the case where public transport in Warsaw would be fulfilled by electric buses instead of combustion buses. The analysis are in extreme variant when all combustion buses were exchanged for electric buses and the power demand was completely covered from photovoltaics. Calculations are based on weather data from weather station placed in the center of Warsaw, also public data and information of parameters of electric buses which were tested in urban conditions. Results for different seasons are shown in comparison to the area of the city of Warsaw district.

The City-Logic of Resistance: Subverting Urbicide in the Middle East City

Most armed conflict today takes place within urban terrain or within an urbanised context. An extreme variant of such armed conflict is violence perpetrated by external state and non-state forces within the city, known as urbicide. Urbicidal violence deliberately strives to kill, discipline or deny the city to its inhabitants by targeting and then reordering the sociomaterial urban assemblage. Civil resistance within urbicidal violence seeks to subvert the emerging alternative sovereign order sought by such forces. It does so by using the inherent logic of the city in order to maintain/restore the community's social cohesion, mitigate the violence, affirm humanity, and claim the right to the city. This paper investigates the city-logic of civil resistance through examples drawn from the recent urbicidal experiences of Middle East cities such as Gaza, Aleppo, Mosul, and Sana'a. Theoretical insights from the conflict resolution literature, critical urban theory, and assemblage thinking inform the argument.