Verification Study of CFD Simulation of Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Under Regular Waves

Utilization of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes to perform hydrodynamic analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) is increasing recently. However, verification studies of the simulations that quantifying numerical uncertainties and permitting a detailed validation in a next phase is often disregarded. In this work, a verification study of CFD simulations of a semi-submersible FOWT design under regular waves is performed. To accomplish this goal, Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) are derived from the computational results of the heave, surge and pitch motions. Four grids with different grid sizes with a constant refinement ratio are generated for verification of spatial convergence. Three different time increments are paired with each grid for verification of temporal convergence. The verification study is performed by estimation of the numerical errors and uncertainties using procedures proposed by Eca and Hoekstra [1].

Personalized Pain Goals and Responses in Advanced Cancer Patients

Objective To assess the personalized pain intensity goal (PPIG), the achievement of a personalized pain goal response (PPGR), and patients' global impression (PGI) in advanced cancer patients after a comprehensive pain and symptom management. Design Prospective, longitudinal Setting Acute pain relief and palliative/supportive care. Subjects 689 advanced cancer patients. Methods Measurement of Edmonton Symptom Assessment Score (ESAS) and personalized pain intensity goal (PPIG) at admission (T0). After a week (T7) personalized pain goal response (PPGR) and patients' global impression (PGI) were evaluated. Results The mean PPIG was 1.33 (SD 1.59). A mean decrease in pain intensity of − 2.09 was required on PPIG to perceive a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). A better improvement corresponded to a mean change of − 3.41 points, while a much better improvement corresponded to a mean of − 4.59 points. Patients perceived a MCID (little worse) with a mean increase in pain intensity of 0.25, and a worse with a mean increase of 2.33 points. Higher pain intensity at T0 and lower pain intensity at T7 were independently related to PGI. 207 (30.0%) patients achieved PPGR. PPGR was associated with higher PPIG at T0 and T7, and inversely associated to pain intensity at T0 and T7, and Karnofsky level. Patients with high pain intensity at T0 achieved a favorable PGI, even when PPIG was not achieved by PPGR. Conclusion PPIG, PPGR and PGI seem to be relevant for evaluating the effects of a comprehensive management of pain, assisting decision-making process according to patients' expectations. Some factors may be implicated in determining the individual target and the clinical response.

Varied Effects of Noncontingent Punishment as a Function of the Consistency and Contingency of Punishment on a Response

Five groups of humans were employed to test the hypothesis that noncontingent punishment (electric shock) may suppress or facilitate a goal response, and these effects are determined by the particular response-punishment pairings which happen to occur. After a goal response was trained for money, this reward was withheld. Three groups then received noncontingent, variable-interval punishment and in each group punishment was paired with different behaviour. A fourth group received consistent punishment contingent only on goal responses, and the fifth group served as a no-punishment control. The evidence supported the hypothesis and also indicated that consistency of punishment has an important effect which is distinct from sheer frequency of response-punishment pairing. These results, plus observations of goal responses during an aftereffects period when treatments had terminated, were interpreted to suggest that, although punishment may have emotion-provoking properties, it also supplies informative feedback to S about his responses and this factor also must be considered in order to predict human behaviour.

Generation of Fractionated Goal Response by Differential Activity at the Goal-Box

It was hypothesized that the probability of making a correct response at the choice point of a simple T-maze is increased when goal-box conditions serve to heighten the kind and degree of effector activity demanded in making that response. 60 albino rats were divided equally among each of 5 experimental conditions reflecting differences in effector activity at the goal-box. Predictions suggested that occurrence of the correct response at the choice-point decreases with decreasing amounts of kinesthetic activity generated at the goal-box. The results generally support the contention that varied kinesthetic-interoceptive stimulation from S's own body produces differential learning.