Efficient Filtering for Edge Extraction under Perspective Effect

Though it is generally believed that edges should be extracted at different scales when using a linear filter, it is still difficult to determine the optimal scale for each filter. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called orientation and scale tuned difference of boxes (osDoB) to solve this problem. For certain computer vision applications, such as lane marking detection, the prior information about the concerned target can facilitate edge extraction in a top-down manner. Based on the perspective effect, we associate the scale of the edge in an image with the target size in the real world and assign orientation and scale parameters for filtering each pixel. Considering the fact that it is very time-consuming to naïvely perform filters with different orientations and scales, we further design an extended integration map technology to speed up filtering. Our method is validated on synthetic and real data. The experimental results show that assigning appropriate orientation and scale parameters for filters is effective and can be realized efficiently.

The Evolving Function of Environmental Directing Principles in the Transition from Modern to Post-Modern Law

This chapter considers the various functions that polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles may fulfil within a post-modern legal prospect, seeking to balance multiple and conflicting interests. It clarifies that recourse to directing principles such as the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles described in Part I is often disparaged despite their usefulness, on the grounds that they are not sufficiently definite to ensure legal certainty. The chapter explains that these principles are generally described as having no perspective effect—until one fine day a court makes use of them, to the great surprise of the legislator. Thus, these principles may serve to conceal a return to judicial activism.

Computer Vision Measurement of Pointer Meter Readings Based on Inverse Perspective Mapping

A computer vision method for measuring multiple pointer meters is proposed based on the inverse perspective mapping. First, the measured meter scales are used as the calibration objects to obtain the extrinsic parameters of the meter plane. Second, normal vector of the meter plane can be acquired by the extrinsic parameters, obtaining the rotation transformation matrix of the meter image. Then, the acquired meter image is transformed to a position both parallel to the meter plane and near the main point by the rotation transformation matrix and the extrinsic parameters, eliminating the perspective effect of the acquired image. Finally, the transformed image is tested by the visual detection method to obtain the readings of the pointer meter, improving measurement precision. The results of the measurement verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the method.

Stronger Resting-State Neural Oscillations Associated with Wiser Advising From the 2nd- but not the 3rd- Person Perspective

This is the first electroencephalogram study of advising, exploring the personal perspective effect on wise advising. Participants advised hypothetical protagonists in life dilemmas from both the 2nd- and 3rd- person perspective. Their advice for each dilemma was rated by two independent raters on wisdom criteria, i.e., intellectual humility, intellectual flexibility, and perspective taking. The results revealed that participants felt a significantly shorter psychological distance from protagonists when advising from the 2nd- (vs. the 3rd-) person perspective, p < 0.001. However, there was no significant effect of perspective condition on wisdom score. Nevertheless, stronger resting-state theta, alpha, and beta powers in the frontal lobe were associated with wiser advising from the 2nd-, but not the 3rd- person perspective. Moreover, Z tests revealed that the correlations between the resting-state neural oscillations and wisdom scores were significantly stronger during advising from the 2nd- than the 3rd- person perspective. These results together suggested that advising from the 2nd- person perspective was more self-related, and mental activities during rest contributed to advising from the 2nd- but not the 3rd- person perspective.

Preference Formation, Social Location and Ideology

This chapter examines how preferences are formed and how this preference-formation process can be determined by an individual’s social location and the ideology of their society. Simple desires require simple explanation, complex desires complex ones. Endogenous interests result from simple desires, exogenous ones from complex ones that result from our social location and history. Exogenous interests are formed by a situation and a perspective effect. Their social location determines the former, the perspective is formed by interests given their social location. The chapter explains the distinction between luck and systematic luck in greater deal and how we judge luck in terms of types of people in given social locations. It gives a detailed example of systematic luck in term of UK farmers, and how that systematic luck depends on their social location and British history. It then explains ideology as a cost-saving device for working out interests and how ideological beliefs can both bias and be biased by nature of the power and luck structure. Some groups manage to get their worldview extended by them to the view of other groups. The chapter explains how our beliefs go beyond our conscious thoughts and how this is implicated in our worldview and ideology.