Comparative characterization study of plant based calcium vs synthetic calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral which supports bone health as well as serves as a major therapeutic intervention that can prevent and delay the incidence of osteoporosis.Multicellular aquatic plants like are a rich source of plant based calcium. The Characterization of Plant based calcium and Synthetic calcium sources using sophisticated analytical techniques. Plant based Calcium and Synthetic Calcium sources were subjected to instrumental analysis such as SEM, ICP-OES and XRD, and comparisons were done followed by interpretation.In this study, three different instrument techniques like SEM, ICP-OES and XRD were used for the characterization of plant based calcium and synthetic calcium. The results showed that plant based calcium were smaller crystals as compared to synthetic calcium crystals. Further, in case of XRD results, plant based calcium is shown to possess two 2θ values, whereas in case of synthetic calcium, it showed a single 2θ value. Further, Magnesium and Boron content were higher in case of plant based calcium as compared to synthetic calcium. Both Plant based and Synthetic Calcium can be distinguished using SEM, ICP-OES and XRD techniques. Outcomes of this study enlightens the probable reasons for enhanced bioavailability in case of plant based calcium sources as compared to synthetic sources.

Procalcific effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Aim PCSK9 has been recently associated with a higher rate of calcification in hypercholesterolemic, diabetes and CKD patients. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the role of PCSK9 in VC process, under uremic condition, both on in vivo and in vitro experimental settings. Methods Sprauge Dawley rats were fed a standard diet (SD, n=11) or uremic diet (UD, n=11) for 6 weeks. Calcium crystals in aortas were visualized by von Kossa staining and quantified by a colorimetric assay and plasma total cholesterol determined. Control and PCSK9-overexpressing smooth muscle cells (SMCsPCSK9) were cultured with 2.5% FCS ± Pi for 7 days. Hydroxyapatite deposition by SMCs was measured by a colorimetric assay. The number and the content of pro-calcific extracellular vesicles (EVs) budding from the cells were determined. Results The hyperphosphatemia secondary to CKD lead to rat aortic calcification (+7.3-fold) and a significant increase in TC and PCSK9 levels (+1.4 and +2.7-fold, respectively). Higher expression of PCSK9 was also observed in kidney (+4.8-fold) and liver (+1.5-fold). SMCsPCSK9 showed higher extracellular calcium deposition (+1.4-fold) in response to Pi and increase EVs production (+7-fold). The incubation of control cells with recombinant PCSK9 did not induce extracellular calcium deposition. Conclusions Our study suggest a positive effect of intracellular PCSK9 on vascular calcification in CKD condition. Pro-calcific budding of EVs seems one of the possible mediators of this process. PCSK9 and calcification Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Ceftriaxone Calcium Crystals Induce Acute Kidney Injury by NLRP3-Mediated Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Injury

Objective. To investigate the role of inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress injury in the mechanisms of ceftriaxone calcium crystal-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) both in vivo and in vitro. Methods. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups of ten each according to different concentrations of ceftriaxone and calcium. Based on the levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), the AKI group was chosen for the subsequent experiments. Kidney histological examination and immunohistochemistry were performed. The expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β protein and the concentrations of oxidative stress markers such as ROS, MDA, and H2O2 in kidney tissues were estimated. In parallel, HK-2 human renal proximal tubule cells were exposed to ceftriaxone calcium crystals. The mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 and IL-1β and the concentrations of oxidative stress markers were evaluated. Finally, cell viability and rat survival were also assessed. Results. The results showed that significantly increased Scr and BUN levels, consistent with morphological changes and kidney stones, were found in the rats that received the highest concentration of ceftriaxone (1000 mg/kg) combined with calcium (800 mg/kg). The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome axis and the marked elevation of MDA, H2O2, and ROS levels were observed both in vivo and in vitro. High expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 was also documented. In addition, cell apoptosis and rat mortality were promoted by ceftriaxone calcium crystals. Conclusions. Notably, we found that ceftriaxone-induced urolithiasis was associated with a high risk of AKI and NLRP3-mediated inflammasome and oxidative stress injury were of major importance in the pathogenesis.

Prevalensi Kristal Urat dalam Urin pada Subjek Dewasa Muda Berat Badan Lebih dan Obes

Overweight and obese are conditions in which abnormal fat is accumulated in the body that may cause health problems. According to WHO, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, the BMI ≥23kg/m is considered overweight and ≥25kg/m is considered obese. This study was aimed to evaluate whether urate crystals were found in the urine of young adults with overweight and obese. This was an observational and descriptive study. Samples were chosen by using non-probability sampling with consecutive sampling type. The results showed that there were 60 young adults as subjects, consisting of 24 males (40%) dan 36 females (60%). There were 22 overweight subjects (36.7%), 24 obese-1 subjects (40%), and 14 obese-2 subjects (23.3%). Of 60 subjects, urine amorph crystals were found in 32 subjects (58.3%) meanwhile oxalate calcium crystals were found in 12 subjects (20%). In conclusion, among young adults with overweight and obese, the prevalence of urine amorph urate crystal was 58.3% and of urine oxalate calcium crystal was 20%.Keywords: overweight, obese, urine crystal, amorphous urate crystal, calcium oxalate crystal Abstrak: Berat badan lebih dan obes adalah keadaan akumulasi lemak abnormal atau berlebih yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan. Menurut WHO, khususnya untuk area Asia-Pasifik, seseorang dikatakan tergolong berat badan lebih jika IMT-nya ≥23kg/m2 dan obes jika ≥25kg/m. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi adanya kristal urat dalam urin dewasa muda dengan berat badan lebih dan obes. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional. Sampel diperoleh dengan menggunakan non-probability sampling jenis consecutive sampling. Hasil penelitian menda-patkan sebanyak 60 dewasa muda yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian, terdiri dari 24 orang laki-laki (40%) dan 36 orang perempuan (60%). Di antaranya terdapat 22 orang (36,7%) berat badan lebih, 24 orang (40%) obes 1, dan 14 orang (23,3%) obes 2. Dari 60 subyek, ditemukan kristal urat amorf pada 32 orang (58,3%) dan kalsium oksalat pada 12 orang (20%). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah pada dewasa muda dengan berat badan lebih dan obes, prevalensi kristal urat amorf urin sebesar 58,3% dan kristal kalsium oksalat urin sebesar 20%.Kata kunci: berat badan lebih, obes, kristal urin