Kandungan dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Rumput Laut Merah

The imbalance between free radicals and endogenous antioxidants produced by the body can cause cell damage resulting in various diseases such as cancer, heart disease, cataracts, premature aging, and other degenerative diseases. Antioxidants that can capture and neutralize free radicals are needed to cease further reactions causing oxidative stress. Therefore, the consumption of natural antioxidants which are abundant in plants needs to be increased. Red seaweed, known as red algae, has a lot of biological activity compared to other types of seaweed. This study was aimed to determine the content and antioxidant activity of red seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii). This was a literature review study using three databases: Pubmed, ClinicalKey, and Google Scholar. The keywords used were Antioxidant AND Rhodophyta AND Gracilaria sp AND Eucheuma Cottonii. After screening and feasibility assessed we obtained 10 journals using experimental method to evaluate the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of Gracilaria sp. and Eucheuma cottonii. The results showed that red seaweed contained antioxidant compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids that had high antioxidant activity. In conclusion, red seaweed contains compounds with high antioxidant activity such as phenolics and flavonoids. Keywords: antioxidant; red seaweed; phenolic; flavonoid Abstrak: Ketidakseimbangan jumlah radikal bebas dengan jumlah antioksidan endogen yang diproduksi tubuh dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan sel yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit seperti kanker, jantung, katarak, penuaan dini, serta penyakit degeneratif lainnya. Tubuh memerlukan asupan senyawa antioksidan yang mampu menangkap dan menetralisir radikal bebas tersebut, sehingga reaksi lanjutan yang menyebabkan terjadinya stres oksidatif dapat berhenti. Konsumsi antioksidan alami yang banyak terkandung pada tumbuhan perlu ditingkatkan. Rumput laut merah yang dikenal sebagai alga merah merupakan jenis rumput laut yang banyak memiliki aktivitas biologi dibandingkan dengan jenis rumput laut lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kandungan dan aktivitas antioksidan pada rumput laut merah (Eucheuma cottonii). Jenis penelitian ialah suatu literature review dengan pencarian data menggunakan 3 database yaitu PubMed, ClinicalKey dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan ialah Antioksidan AND Rhodophyta AND Gracilaria sp AND Eucheuma Cottonii. Setelah skrining serta uji kelayakan didapatkan 10 jurnal dengan metode penelitian eksperimental yang menguji kandungan total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan pada Gracilaria sp. dan Eucheuma cottonii. Hasil kajian menunjukkan adanya senyawa yang berperan sebagai antioksidan seperti fenolik dan flavonoid yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tinggi. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah rumput laut merah mengandung senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi seperti fenolik dan flavonoid.Kata kunci: antioksidan; rumput laut merah; fenolik; flavonoid

Faktor-faktor yang Berperan terhadap Terjadinya Kecemasan Orang Tua Anak Sekolah Dasar di Desa Maumbi pada Masa Pandemi Covid -19

The 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the learning pattern to distance learning, which is an online system. Besides their other activities, parents play a more important role in accompaning and guiding their children during online learning than that of the teachers. Therefore, the parents endure uncomfortable feelings such as anxiety due to increased burden. Moreover, there are various factors that can play a role in the occurrence of parental anxiety. During this pandemic, online learning has also penetrated into the countryside. Maumbi village is one of the areas affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was aimed to analyze the factors that contribute to the anxiety of parents of elementary school children at Maumbi village during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a descriptive and analytical study with a cross sectional design. Data of this study were obtained by using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) questionnaire. Samples of this study were 107 parents of elementary school children who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The multivariate analysis showed that the factors that contributed to the anxiety level of parents were economic stressors (p=0.021, t count=-2.347, and β=-0.224) and occupational stressors (p=0.042, t count=-2.055, and β=-0.197). In conclusion, factors contributing to the anxiety of parents of elementary school children at Maumbi village during the COVID-19 pandemic were economic stressors and occupational stressors.Keywords: parents’ anxiety; level of anxiety; online learning; COVID-19 pandemic Abstrak: Pandemi coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) membuat pola pembelajaran berubah menjadi pembelajaran jarak jauh. Disamping kesibukan lainnya, orang tua berperan untuk mendampingi dan membimbing anak ketika berlajar online yang jauh lebih besar daripada guru. Orang tua merasa tidak nyaman seperti kecemasan akibat beban yang bertambah. Berbagai macam faktor dapat berperan terhadap terjadinya kecemasan orang tua anak. Dalam masa pandemi ini untuk pembelajaran daring atau online juga sudah merambah sampai ke pedesaan. Desa Maumbi merupakan salah satu daerah yang tekena dampak pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berperan terhadap terjadinya kecemasan orang tua anak sekolah dasar di Desa Maumbi pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Pengumpulan data penelitian diambil dengan kuesioner Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Sampel penelitian ini ialah 107 orang tua anak sekolah dasar yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berperan terhadap terjadinya tingkat kecemasan orang tua anak SD di Desa Maumbi pada masa pandemi COVID-19 ialah stresor ekonomi (p=0,021, t hitung = -2.347, dan β=-0,224) dan stresor pekerjaan (p=0,042, t hitung =-2,055, dan β=-0,197). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah faktor-faktor yang berperan terhadap terjadinya kecemasan orang tua anak sekolah dasar di Desa Maumbi pada masa pandemi COVID-19 ialah stresor ekonomi dan stresor pekerjaan.Kata kunci: kecemasan orang tua; tingkat kecemasan; pembelajaran jarak jauh; pandemi COVID-19

Kontrasepsi Darurat dan Permasalahannya

Emergency contraception is a contraceptive method that can prevent pregnancy if used immediately following unprotected sex. The use of emergency contraception could reduce the rate of unwanted pregnancy by up to 50%. There are two emergency contraceptive methods, including the emergency contraceptive pill and copper intrauterine device (IUD). Emergency contraceptive pills should be taken immediately following unprotected sex and are most effective when taken within 24 hours. IUD as an emergency contraceptive can be applied five days after unprotected sex, and it does not cause abortion. There is no absolute contraindication for emergency contraception except for known pregnancy, and simply because it is ineffective. The efficacy of emergency contraception can be defined by the proportion of women who become pregnant after using this method and the total pregnancy observed after using the method divided by the estimated number of pregnancies that would occur without using the method.Keywords: emergency contraception; sexual intercourse; pregnancy Abstrak: Kontrasepsi darurat dapat mencegah kehamilan bila digunakan segera setelah senggama. Penggunaan kontrasepsi darurat dapat menurunkan angka kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan hingga 50%. Terdapat dua metode kontrasepsi darurat, yaitu pil kontrasepsi darurat dan alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim (AKDR) yang menggunakan tembaga. Pil kontrasepsi darurat harus diberikan sesegera mungkin setelah senggama tidak terlindungi, dan paling efektif bila diberikan dalam waktu 24 jam. AKDR sebagai kontrasepsi darurat dapat dipasang hingga lima hari pasca senggama tidak terlindungi. Kontrasepsi darurat terutama bekerja dengan mencegah fertilisasi, dan tidak menggugurkan kehamilan. Tidak ada kontraindikasi absolut untuk penggunaan kontrasepsi darurat kecuali kehamilan yang diketahui, dan ini hanya karena tidak efektif. Efektivitas kontrasepsi darurat dapat didefinisikan dari proporsi wanita menjadi hamil setelah menggunakan metode ini, dan jumlah kehamilan yang diamati setelah penggunaan dibagi dengan perkiraan jumlah kehamilan yang akan terjadi tanpa penggunaan.Kata kunci: kontrasepsi darurat; senggama; kehamilan

Kesehatan Tenggorok pada Siswa di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 11 Manado

Health problems such as throat disease can be caused by various factors either external or internal. This study was aimed to obtain a description of throat health status of students at Sekolah Dasar Negeri 11 (Public Elementary School) Manado. This was a descriptive and observational study with a cross sectional design. There were a total of 25 male and female students. The results showed that 25 students (100%) had normal tonsil color; 24 students (96%) had normal tonsil surface and one student (4%) had pathological tonsil surface; 22 students (88%) had normal tonsil size and three students (12%) had pathological tonsil size. There were 25 students (100%) who had normal results on examination of pharynx both mucosa and the back wall of pharynx. In conclusion, most students of SDN 11 Manado had normal throat health status.Keywords: throat health status; elementary students Abstrak: Masalah kesehatan seperti penyakit tenggorok dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor baik eksternal maupun internal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kesehatan tenggorok siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 11 Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Jumlah total keseluruhan subyek penelitian ialah 25 siswa. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan sebanyak 25 siswa (100%) dengan warna tonsil normal; 24 siswa (96%) dengan permukaan tonsil normal dan satu siswa (4%) dengan permukaan tonsil patologik; 22 siswa (88%) dengan ukuran tonsil normal dan 3 siswa (12%) lainnya dengan ukuran tonsil patologik. Sebanyak 25 siswa (100%) dengan hasil normal pada pemeriksaan faring baik mukosa maupun dinding belakang faring. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah sebagian besar siswa SDN 11 Manado memiliki gambaran kesehatan tenggorokan yang normal.Kata kunci: kesehatan tenggorok; siswa Sekolah Dasar

Rehabilitasi Medik pada Pasien Coronavirus Disease 2019

COVID-19 could cause respiratory, physical and psychological dysfunctions. These dysfunctions reduce the patient's functional capacity ultimately. Changes in physical function over a period of hospitalizations and critical illness are more common occurr in patients with more severe or pre-existing disease comorbidities which often lead to mobility disabilities and restrictions in activities of daily life. Physical medicine and medical rehabilitation play an impor-tant role in increasing the functional capacity of COVID-19 patients. This study was aimed to eva-luate the rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients. This was a literature review study using databases of Clinical Key, Web of Science, Pub Med, and Google Schoolar. The keywords used were rehabilitation COVID-19 OR rehabilitation SARS-CoV-2. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight literatures were selected. The result showed that early rehabilitation should be grant-ed to inpatients with COVID-19. Patients with restricted mobility due to quarantine or lockdown should receive exercise programs to reduce the risk of frailty, sarcopenia, cognitive decline, and depression. Telerehabilitation may represent the first option for individuals at home. In conclusion, proper rehabilitation can reduce the consequences of decreasing functional capacity.Keywords: rehabilitation; COVID-19 patients Abstrak; COVID-19 dapat menyebabkan disfungsi pernapasan, fisik, dan psikologis yang menurunkan kapasitas fungsional pasien. Perubahan fungsi fisik selama periode rawat inap dan penyakit kritis lebih umum dialami oleh pasien dengan penyakit COVID-19 yang lebih parah atau disertai komorbiditas dan dapat berakibat cacat mobilitas dan pembatasan dalam aktivitas kehi-dupan sehari-hari. Kedokteran fisik dan rehabilitasi medik memiliki peran penting dalam mening-katkan kapasitas fungsional pasien COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran rehabilitasi medik pada pasien COVID-19. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review menggunakan database Clinical Key, Web of Science, PubMed, dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu rehabilitasi COVID-19 OR rehabilitasi SARS-CoV-2. Seleksi data berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi mendapatkan delapan literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rehabilitasi dini harus diberikan kepada pasien rawat inap dengan COVID-19. Pasien dengan mobilitas terbatas karena karantina atau lockdown harus menerima latihan program untuk mengurangi risiko kelemahan, sarkopenia, penurunan kognitif, dan depresi. Telerehabilitasi mungkin merupakan pilihan pertama bagi individu di rumah. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah rehabilitasi dini yang tepat dapat mengurangi konsekuensi penurunan kapasitas fungsional.Kata kunci: rehabilitasi; pasien COVID-19

Morfologi, Patogenesis, dan Imunoterapi Kanker Paru Tipe Adenokarsinoma

Although some common therapies for cancers are available, many patients experience relapse during therapy. Therefore, an understanding of the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas is needed in lung cancer therapies, especially targeted therapies. Immunotherapy has been shown to be effective in the therapy of various tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study was aimed to review the morphology, pathogenesis, and immunotherapy of lung adenocarcinomas. This was a literature review study using databases of Clinical Key, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. The results showed that morphology of lung adenocarcinomas was characterized by the presence of lesions consisting of several morphological spectra, starting with pre-invasive lesions, then minimally invasive adenocarcinomas to invasive adenocarcinomas. Pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas was associated with genetic changes of several genes such as EGFR, KRAS, ALK, and ROS1; however, the most frequently involved were EGFR, KRAS, and ALK. The immunotherapies used for lung adeno-carcinomas were nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, tremelimumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cemiplimab, cetuximab, panitumumab, and matuzumab; however, the most commonly used were nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab. In conclusion, morphological spectra of lung adeno-carcinomas are pre-invasive lesions, minimally invasive adenocarcinomas, and invasive adeno-carcinomas. Pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas is associated with the presence of genetic changes, especially mutations of EGFR, KRAS and ALK. The most widely used immunotherapies for lung adenocarcinomas are nivolumab and pembrolizumab, which are included in the PD-1 antibody group and atezolizumab in the PD-L1 antibody group.Keywords: lung adenocarcinoma morphology; pathogenesis; immunotherapy Abstrak: Telah tersedia beberapa terapi umum kanker namun banyak pasien mengalami kekambuhan saat terapi. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan pemahaman tentang patogenesis adenokarsinoma paru dalam terapi kanker paru khususnya terapi target. Imunoterapi dianggap sebagai teknologi yang memberikan harapan dan telah terbukti efektif dalam terapi berbagai tumor, termasuk non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah morfologi, patogenesis, dan imunoterapi dari kanker paru tipe adenokarsinoma. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review menggunakan database Clinical Key, Pubmed, dan Google Scholar. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan morfologi adenokarsinoma paru ditandai adanya lesi yang terdiri dari beberapa spektrum morfologik, diawali dengan lesi preinvasif, selanjutnya lesi adenokarsinoma invasif minimal sampai adenokarsinoma invasif. Patogenesis adenokarsinoma paru berhubungan dengan perubahan genetik beberapa gen, yaitu EGFR, KRAS, ALK, dan ROS1; namun yang paling sering terlibat ialah EGFR, KRAS, dan ALK Imunoterapi yang digunakan untuk terapi adenokarsinoma paru ialah nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, tremelimumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cemiplimab, cetuximab, panitumumab, dan matuzumab; namun terbanyak digunakan ialah nivolumab, pembrolizumab, dan atezolizumab. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah spektrum morfologi dari adenokarsinoma paru berupa lesi preinvasif, adenokarsinoma invasif minimal, dan adenokarsinoma invasif. Patogenesis dari adenokarsinoma paru berhubungan dengan adanya perubahan genetik, terutama mutasi EGFR, KRAS, dan ALK. Imunoterapi yang paling banyak digunakan untuk terapi adenokarsinoma paru ialah nivolumab dan pembrolizumab yang termasuk dalam golongan antibodi PD-1 serta atezolizumab yang masuk dalam golongan antibodi PD-L1.Kata kunci: morfologi adenokarsinoma paru; patogenesis; imunoterapi

Onkogenesis, Morfologi, dan Modalitas Deteksi Dini Karsinoma Serviks

The incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in developing countries are relatively high compared to developed countries. The main risk factor for cervical cancer is high risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, such as types 16 and 18. Types of high-risk HPV expresses oncoproteins E6 and E7 which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma through inhibition of the activity of gene group expression products that play a role in suppressing tumor growth, such as p53 and pRB. This process will cause morphological changes in the squamous epithelium from precancerous lesions to cancer. The development of squamous epithelial cell cancer can be prevented through screening tests in order to detect cervical cancer early. This study was aimed to obtain the oncogenesis, morphology, and early detection modality of cervical carcinoma. This was a literature review study using three databases, as follows: ClinicalKey, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The results explained that p53 and pRB suppression by high-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 played an important role in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma. The most common histological type is squamous cell carcinoma. Screening tests such as visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), Pap smears and HPV DNA have an important role as modalities for early detection of malignancy. More specifically VIA and Pap smears are suitable for Indonesia which is a developing country, especially when implemented in peripheral areas.Keywords: oncogenesis; morphological changes; early detection; cervical carcinoma Abstrak: Insidens dan mortalitas kanker serviks di negara berkembang relatif tinggi dibandingkan negara maju. Faktor risiko utama dari kanker serviks adalah infeksi human papilloma virus (HPV) risiko tinggi yaitu tipe 16 dan 18. HPV tipe risiko tinggi mengekspresikan onkoprotein E6 dan E7, yang berperan penting dalam patogenesis karsinoma serviks melalui inhibisi terhadap aktivitas produk-produk ekspresi kelompok gen yang berperan dalam menekan pertumbuhan tumor, seperti p53 dan pRB. Proses ini akan menyebabkan perubahan morfologik pada epitel skuamosa mulai dari lesi prakanker sampai kanker. Perkembangan kanker sel epitel skuamosa dapat dicegah melalui pemeriksaan skrining guna mendeteksi dini kanker serviks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui onkogenesis, morfologi, dan modalitas deteksi dini karsinoma serviks. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review menggunakan tiga basis data yaitu ClinicalKey, PubMed, dan Google Scholar. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa penekanan p53 dan pRB oleh onkoprotein HPV risiko tinggi E6 dan E7 sangat berperan penting dalam patogenesis karsinoma serviks. Tipe histologik tersering ialah tipe karsinoma sel skuamosa. Pemeriksaan skrining seperti pemeriksaan inspeksi visual dengan asam asetat (IVA), Pap smear dan HPV DNA memiliki peran penting sebagai modalitas deteksi dini keganasan. Lebih khusus IVA dan Pap smear cocok untuk negara Indonesia yang merupakan negara berkembang, terutama bila diimplementasikan di daerah perifer.Kata kunci: onkogenesis; perubahan morfologik; deteksi dini; karsinoma serviks

Efek Hepatoprotektif Tanaman Obat

Medicinal plant that contain antioxidants is an alternative therapeutic option for liver disorders. This study was aimed to review the hepatoprotective effects of medicinal plants. This was a literature review study using PubMed, Google Scholar and Clinical Key. The results showed 10 hepatoprotective medicinal plants, as follows: soursop leaves, yellow bamboo shoots, moringa leaves, green betel leaves, libo fruit, kenikir, neem leaves, bitter bean seeds, black cumin, and solo garlic. All of them showed hepatoprotective activities based on the results of the tests, using biochemical and histopathological parameters. Soursop leaves could increase SOD level and reduce MDA level; yellow bamboo shoots were demonstrated to maintain SGPT activities and bilirubin level; moringa leaves have been associated with the reduction of MDA, SGOT, and SGPT levels; green betel leaves were able to reduce SGOT and SGPT levels and improve liver centrolobular necrosis; libo fruit was able to lower SGPT level; kenikir and bitter bean seeds were shown to reduce SGOT and SGPT levels; neem leaves were associated with the reduction of ALT level and protection against liver cell damage; black cumin was found to reduce fat degeneration; solo garlic could reduce MDA, SGPT, and SGOT levels, and maintain SOD level. In conclusion, the 10 hepatoprotective medicinal plants have the ability to increase SOD levels, reduce SGOT, SGPT and MDA levels, maintain bilirubin levels, regenerate centrilobular necrosis of the liver, and reduce fat degeneration of the liver. Solo garlic shows the largest amount of hepatoprotective activities, followed by yellow bamboo shoots, green betel leaves and libo fruit.Keywords: medicinal plants, hepatoprotector effect Abstrak: Pengobatan menggunakan tanaman obat yang mengandung antioksidan merupakan pilihan terapi alternatif untuk gangguan pada hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah efek hepatoprotektif tanaman obat. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review dengan menggunakan PubMed, Google Scholar dan Clinical Key. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 10 tanaman obat hepatoprotektor yaitu daun sirsak, rebung bambu kuning, daun kelor, daun sirih hijau, buah libo, kenikir, daun mimba, biji petai, jintan hitam, dan bawang lanang. Tanaman-tanaman obat tersebut memiliki aktivitas hepatoprotektif berdasarkan pengujian dengan parameter biokimia dan histopatologi. Daun sirsak dapat meningkatkan kadar SOD dan menurunkan kadar MDA; rebung bambu kuning dapat mempertahankan aktivitas SGPT dan kadar bilirubin; daun kelor menurunkan kadar MDA, SGOT, dan SGPT; daun sirih hijau menurunkan kadar SGOT dan SGPT, serta memperbaiki nekrosis sentrolobuler hati; buah libo menurunkan kadar SGPT; kenikir dan biji petai menurunkan kadar SGOT dan SGPT; daun mimba menurunkan kadar SGPT dan memiliki daya proteksi terhadap kerusakan sel hati; jintan hitam dapat mengurangi degenerasi lemak; bawang lanang menekan peningkatan kadar MDA, SGPT, SGOT dan mempertahankan kadar SOD. Simpulan penelitian ini Kesepuluh tanaman obat hepatoprotektor tersebut memiliki kemampuan dalam meningkatkan kadar SOD, menurunkan kadar SGOT, SGPT dan MDA, mempertahankan kadar bilirubin, memperbaiki nekrosis sentrolobuler hati, dan mengurangi degenerasi lemak hati. Bawang lanang menunjukkan aktivitas hepatoprotektor terbesar, diikuti rebung bambu kuning, daun sirih hijau, dan buah libo.Kata kunci: tanaman obat, efek hepatoprotektor

Peran Terlipressin pada Penyakit Hati Kronik

Chronic liver disease is a progressive impairment of liver function. It is caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver, viral infection of the liver, excessive alcohol consumption, metabolic diseases such as galactosemia, autoimmune disease, and the influence of chemicals. Complications that are often found are esophageal variceal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, and refractory ascites. Terlipressin, which is a vasopressin analogue, is currently widely used in developed countries because it has been shown to improve survival of patients with esophageal varices, hepatorenal syndrome, and refractory ascites. Terlipressin is the current standard therapy for esophageal variceal bleeding in countries where it is available.Keywords: chronic liver disease; terlipressin Abstrak: Penyakit hati kronis (PHK) adalah gangguan fungsi hati yang terjadi secara progresif. Peyakit hati kronis di sebabkan oleh non-alcoholic fatty liver, infeksi virus pada hati, konsumsi alkohol berlebihan, peyakit metabolik seperti galaktosemia, penyakit autoimun, dan pengaruh bahan kimia. Komplikasi yang sering ditemukan pada PHK ialah perdarahan varises esofagus, sindrom hepatorenal, dan asites refrakter. Terlipressin yang merupakan analog vasopressin saat ini banyak di pakai di negara maju karena terbukti dapat meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup pasien perdarahan varises esofagus, sindrom hepatorenal, dan asites refrakter. Dewasa ini terlipressin telah menjadi terapi standar perdarahan varises esofagus di negara-negara di mana obat ini tersedia.Kata kunci: penyakit hati kronik; terlipressin

Gambaran Self Directed Learning Readiness (SDLR) pada Mahasiswa Tingkat Pertama Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi

The concept of self-directed learning (SDL) develops rapidly in distance education. This independent learning can be assessed by measuring the score of self-directed learning readiness (SDLR). The Medical Undergraduate Program of Faculty of Medicine Sam Ratulangi University uses the problem based learning (PBL) method which requires students to be able to study independently. The SDLR score of students is very important in the first year of study, therefore, the students will be evaluated by the institution immediately, as well as encouraging them to adapt the independent learning method. This study was aimed to obtain the description of SDLR score in the first-year students of Medical Undergraduate Program of Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. The study was conducted on the first year students by using the SDLR questionnaire of Fisher modified by Nyambe. The results showed that a total of 109 students (69.87%) had high SDLR score, 44 students (28.2%) had moderate score, and three students (1.92%) had low score. In conclusion, most of the first year students of Medical Undergraduate Program Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University had high SDLR scores.Keywords: self directed learning readiness (SDLR); medical education Abstrak: Konsep belajar mandiri atau self directed learning (SDL) berkembang pesat pada pendidikan jarak jauh. Pembelajaran mandiri ini dapat dinilai dengan mengukur skor self directed learning readiness (SDLR). Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter (PSPD) Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi menggunakan metode problem based learning (PBL) yang menuntut mahasiswa untuk dapat belajar mandiri. Skor SDLR dari mahasiswa sangat penting pada tahun pertama pendidikan agar dapat segera dievaluasi oleh institusi dan untuk mendorong mahasiswa agar dapat menyesuaikan dengan metode belajar mandiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran SDLR pada mahasiswa tingkat pertama Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter (PSPD) di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Jenis penelitian ialah deskritif dengan desain potong lintang. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada mahasiswa tingkat pertama dengan meng-gunakan kuesioner SDLR dari Fisher yang dimodifikasi oleh Nyambe. Hasil penelitian mendapat-kan 109 mahasiswa (69,87%) mempunyai skor SDLR tinggi, 44 mahasiswa (28,2%) dengan skor sedang, dan 3 mahasiswa (1,92%) skor rendah. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah sebagian besar mahasiswa tingkat pertama PSPD Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi mempunyai skor SDLR tinggi.Kata kunci: self directed learning readiness (SDLR); pendidikan kedokteran