The blues of Romuliana

The paper presents a set of glass fragments excavated at several different locations within and outside the late Roman fortified imperial residence Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia). This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass tesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass (five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass working (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd. The materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two ?window pane? fragments were found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that the blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce opacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian provenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. Importantly, the concentrations of the oxides added to the base glasses in order to modify the colour are positively correlated in certain samples, hinting at the makeup of the cobalt bearing ingredient and at a likely existence of particular production practices of the late Roman period.

Glass finds from Area FW at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria (2019)

New glass finds from the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria come from the excavation of Area FW located in the central part of the site. The bulk of the recorded material, made up of conical lamps, beakers and bowls, and poorly fashioned bottles, belongs to the late Roman period (4th–5th century AD). The uniformity in colour, distinctive low quality of the fabric and simple workmanship, all point to a common origin in local workshops covering the needs of the local market. A few pieces, including luxury cast and facet-cut tableware, apparently from a non-local source, represent the late Hellenistic/mid-Roman chronological horizon (2nd century BC–3rd century AD). Meriting note is new evidence of mosaic glass, once again confirming that this type of glass was manufactured in Alexandria in the mid-Roman period. The importance of this assemblage derives from the presence of early Roman luxury tableware which has seldom been observed before at Kom el-Dikka.

KERAJINAN MOSAIK DI DESA KENDERAN TEGALLALANG GIANYAR

Judul penelitian ini adalah ”Kerajinan mosaik di desa Kenderan Tegalalang Gianyar”. Masalah yang dibahas pada penelitian sebagai berikut : (1) Bagaimana keberadaan kerajinan mosaik di desa Kenderan (2) Bahan dan alat apa saja yang dimanfaatkan untuk membuat kerajinan mosaik (3) Bagaimana proses pembuatan kerajinan mosaik kaca (4) Apa saja jenis-jenis kerajin mosaik yang terdapat di desa Kenderan Tegalalang Gianyar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah artshop-arshop mosaik di desa Kenderan. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan kepustakaan. Hasil-hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) keberadaan kerajinan mosaik mulai berkembang tahun 2007 di desa Kenderan hingga saat ini dikarenakan sebelum tahun 2007 kerajinan kayu menurun sehingga masyarakat di desa Kenderan beralih ke kerajinan mosaik kaca. (2) bahan dan alat yang digunakan untuk membuat kerajinan mosaik kaca sebagai berikut. Bahan yang digunakan seperti : kaca, kayu, MDF, gerabah, lem fox, nat MU, cat impra, dan thinner. Adapun alat yang digunakan seperti : alat pemotong kaca, penggaris kayu, geregaji besi, kuas, spray gun, kompresor, amplas dan spon busa. (3) proses dilakukan dalam pembuatan kerajinan mosaik kaca adalah sebagai berikut : a.pemilihan bahan kaca, b.pemilihan alas atau landasan, c.Pemotongan kaca, d.pembuatan pola landasan, e.pemasangan kaca ke landasan, f. pemasangan nat dan g. finishing. (4) Jenis-jenis produk seni kerajinan mosaik di desa Kenderan adalah sebagai berikut : a.mosaik cermin lingkaran, b.mosaik cermin persegi, c.mosaik cermin fauna, d.mosaik tempat buah, e.mosaik tempat dupa, f.mosaik asbak, g.mosaik hiasan dinding berbentuk fauna, h.mosaik hiasan dinding berbentuk gitar, i.mosaik tulisan, dan j. mosaik pas bunga atau guci. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kerajinan mosaik berkembang tahun 2007 di desa Kenderan, dalam proses pembuatan menggunakan beberapa bahan dan alat, adapun beberapa proses yang dilakukan dalam pembuatannya. Produk yang sudah dibuat seperti mosaik cermin berbentuk geometris dan fauna, tempat buah dan dupa, hiasan dinding berupa fauna dan gitar, mosaik berbentuk tulisan dan mosaik berbentuk guci dan pas bunga. Saran Untuk menumbuh kembangkan produk kerajinan mosaik di desa Kenderan. Disarankan agar pemerintah lebih memperhatikan terkait dengan memberikan pembinaan kepada para pengerajin dalam bidang pemasaran dan pengembangan bentuk desain. Kepada para pengerajin agar terus berkarya dan mengembangkan karyanya hingga menembus pasar internasional. Untuk Peneliti selanjutnya yang akan meneliti karya kerajinan mosaik kaca di desa Kenderan diharapkan untuk menambahkan aspek sejarah dari artshop-artshop yang ada di desa KenderanWayan, serta memasukan aspek pemasaran dan manajemen dalam pembuatan produknya. Kata Kunci : Kerajinan, Mosaik kaca The title of this research is "The mosaic craft at Kenderan Tegalalang village, Gianyar ". The problems discussed in this study were as follows : (1) The existence of mosaic craft at Kenderan Tegalalang village, (2) What materials and tools were used to make the mosaic craft (3) The process of making the glass mosaic craft (4) What kinds of mosaic crafts were found at KenderanTegalalang village.The method used in this research was descriptive with qualitative approach. The subject of this research was the mosaic art shops at Kenderan village. The process of collecting data in this research was conducted through observation, interview, documentation, and bibliography. The results that found in this research were: (1) the existence of mosaic craft firstly developed at Kenderan village in the year of 2007 till today because before the year of 2007 the wood craft decreased and the people at Kenderan village switch their interest to glass mosaic craft. (2) The materials and tools were used to make the glass mosaic craft as follows: a glass, a wood, a MDF, a pottery, glue, a fox, a nat MU, an impra paint, and a thinner. The tools used such as: a glass cutting tool, a wood ruler, a railing iron, a brush, spray gun, a compressor, a sand paper and a sponge foam. (3) The process in making mosaic glass craft were as follows: a. selecting the glass materials, b. selecting the base or foundation, c. cutting the glass, d. making the grounding pattern, e. installing the glass to the base, f. installing the nat and g. finishing. (4) The types of mosaic craft art products at Kenderanvillage were as follows: the circular mosaic mirror , the square mosaic mirror, the fauna mosaic mirror, mosaic of the fruit place, mosaic incense, f. mosaic ashtray, g) mosaic ornament of fauna-shaped wall, mosaic of wall hangings of guitar shaped, written mosaic , and j. flower-fitting mosaic or jar. It can be concluded that Mosaic handicraft developed in the year of 2007 at Kenderan village. Actually, the process of making the object used some materials and tools. There were several processes in creating the mosaic crafts. Products that had been made such as geometric mirror mosaic and fauna, fruit and incense place, wall decoration of fauna and guitar, written mosaic shaped and mosaic shaped urn and flower fit. There were also the suggestions to grow the mosaic craft product atKenderan village. It was necessary for the government to give more attention related to providing the construction to the craftsmen in the field of marketing and the development of the design form. All of the craftsmen need to continue to work and develop the creation in order to penetrate the international market. For further researchers who will investigate the handicraft of mosaic glass at Kenderan village were expected to add the historical aspects of each art shops atKenderanvillage, Gianyar. They also were expected to enter the aspects of marketing and managing the manufacture of its products. keyword : Handicraft, Glass Mosaic

„Paciorki mozaikowe w otwartym palenisku?”. Kontynuacja badań

The aim of the experiment was to confirm the hypothesis about the possibility of Scandinavian bead makers crafting complex mosaic glass beads. For this purpose, raw glass material and tools from archaeological sites were examined. Metal tools and glass mosaic canes were made, for the purpose of the experiment, based on archaeological finds. All the glass beads were made during the experiment on a specially constructed open hearth. As a result of the experiments, the possibility of making mosaic glass beads on an open hearth was confirmed. A theoretical and practical procedure for making complex glass beads has been proposed.

Beads and pendants from the Hellenistic to Early Byzantine Red Sea port of Berenike, Egypt, Season 2014 and 2015

Almost 650 beads and pendants, most of them of glass and faience, were excavated over two seasons in 2014 and 2015 at Berenike on the Red Sea coast of Egypt. This material, coming from 19 trenches variously located within the Hellenistic to early Byzantine site, has contributed some new data, enhancing the Berenike bead typology. Highlights included a Bes pendant of glass from a Hellenistic context and early Roman mosaic glass beads with face patterns. Other materials of which the ornaments were made included marine mollusk shells, ostrich eggshell, and a variety of stone and minerals. Of greatest interest were beads coming from early Roman graves, of an older man (the order of the threaded beads could be traced) and of animals (neck collars). Beads threaded on fragments of string, most probably of Indo-Pacific make, came from the early Roman rubbish dump.

Glass finds from Areas U and G at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria (excavations in 2012 and 2013)

The glass material from PCMA excavations at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria in the 2012 and 2013 seasons consisted mainly of a late Roman/early Byzantine assemblage, mostly yellowish-green blown glass characterized by a homogeneity of the fabric, a limited variety of vessel types and simple workmanship, all indicative of a local glasshouse most likely operating at the site. Fragments of early and late Roman mosaic glass were also an important element of the set. Excavations in area U (sub-area US) also yielded a handful of late Hellenistic/early Roman glasses: various types of cast bowls seldom previously reported from Kom el-Dikka, a linear-cut bowl, monochrome patella, and colorless bowl with broad rim and overhung edge. The assemblage coming from area G (basement of the late Roman baths) comprised late Roman free-blown, utilitarian wares representing a limited range of forms. Also found in this area was cast glass of the late Hellenistic/early Roman period: mosaic glass and a grooved bowl, the latter recorded for the first time at Kom el-Dikka.