Comparison of patients’ satisfaction with eye care and family medicine services at a primary health centre in Ogun State, Nigeria

Background: Patient satisfaction need to be assessed to enable the health care provider assess the quality of care from the patients’ perspective. This study aimed to assess and compare the level of patient satisfaction with the two main health services (primary eye care and family medicine services) at primary health centre (PHC), Pakoto, Ifo local government area of Ogun State, Nigeria.Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 280 adult patients attending the eye clinic and family medicine clinic at the PHC, Pakoto were recruited. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire-the patient satisfaction questionnaire (PSQ-III) was used. Data analysis was done using Epi Info 7.0.9.7 version.Results: The average overall mean score was higher in the eye clinic (3.7±0.4) than the family medicine clinic (3.5±0.3) and mean difference was statistically significant (p=0.004, t=-2.876). Most listed areas of dissatisfaction by respondents in the eye clinic were waiting period (17.2%) and number and visiting days of doctors (19%). However, at the family medicine clinic the most listed areas of dissatisfaction were all aspects of medical care (17.7%), electricity (17.7%) and toilet facilities (14.7%). There was significant association between income and general satisfaction (p=0.001)Conclusions: Most patients were generally satisfied with medical care at both clinics studied at the PHC, Pakoto. However, areas of dissatisfaction included waiting period, number of doctors and visiting days and provision of basic amenities. The study recommends that doctors should be encouraged to reside at the PHC, Pakoto and there should be provision of good basic amenities.

Correlation between the level of knowledge of drug managers and drug management in several primary health centres in Malang regency

Background: Drug management is one of the primary health centre management activities that aims to ensure the continuity and affordability of pharmaceutical preparations. Aim: This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge of drug managers and drug management in several primary health centres of Malang regency. Method: The study was observational analytic using questionnaire instruments to analyse the level of knowledge of drug managers and three checklists to analyse drug management through three indicators of drug management: (1) conformity of stock to the national formulary, (2) conformity of stock to the disease patterns, and (3) the percentage of expired drugs. Result: There was no significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the first (p = 0.842), second (p = 0.236), and the third indicator (p = 0.361). Conclusion: Not all drug lists in the national formulary are required by each primary health centre. The inventory is adjusted to the consumption and epidemiology.

Potential Use of UAVs in COVID19 Vaccination: A Case Study of Nepal

Background: The infectious diseases vaccine program started in Nepal. Transportation facilities using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will support the COVID 19 vaccine for remote areas where accessibility is unavailable and takes enormous time to reach the primary health centre. Methods: This case study provides one of the possible ways of transporting vaccines using UAVs to the remote areas of Nepal from two approaches; one approach will be by developing a customized prototype of UAVs and deploying it. The next will be studying the research articles on this particular field and implement them in this study. Results: The results show that drones can supply the medical kit to the primary health post to reduce cost, time, and life. It has been practicing that literature review on this related field states UAVs' possible implication in handling pandemics. Conclusion: This alternative can help to vaccine vulnerable groups deprived of health care. One of the significant steps to providing the vaccine for epidemic control in remote areas. It can support government plans to vaccine people incorporation with emerging technologies.

ACTIVE SMOKING AND EXPOSURE TO PASSIVE SMOKING AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING A PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE IN TEMANGGUNG, INDONESIA

Smoking during pregnancy threatens the health of mothers and their fetus. There are limited data in Indonesia about risk factors associated with smoking during pregnancy. This study aimed to explore levels of smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS), and related risk factors among pregnant women. Pregnant women who received antenatal care at the Temanggung Primary Health Centre in Central Java, Indonesia were interviewed face-to-face. They were asked about their smoking status, socio-economic status, pregnancy characteristics, and knowledge about health risks associated with smoking. A total of 80 participants were interviewed, and none of whom reported smoking, but the majority of whom (91.3%) reported exposure to SHS. This is a significant proportion when compared to rates of exposure to SHS recorded in other countries. The age of the mother affected the likelihood of exposure to SHS, with older mothers having a reduced likelihood of SHS exposure (p = 0.013; OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.74-0.96). However, the number of pregnancies, ANC visits, level of education, income, and awareness of the health risks associated with smoking were not found to be statistically significant. Although women appeared to be relatively aware of the negative effects associated with smoking and SHS exposure, the high incidence of passive smoking illustrated the challenges encountered by women in avoiding SHS. ANC programme should place greater stress on the dangers of SHS exposure, and also involve the whole family. Additionally, laws should be enacted to restrict or prohibit smoking in public places.Keywords: pregnant women, second-hand smoke, smoking

Obstetric factors associated with anaemia in pregnancy in a primary health center in south-south Nigeria

Anaemia has been reported as one of the commonest medical complications associated with pregnancy in the developing countries. It increases maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality significantly. In Nigeria, maternal anaemia usually predates the period of pregnancy in the life of most of the mothers. These women succumb to early unprepared marriage, give birth to many children with poor child spacing and due to poverty and ignorance they book late for antenatal. This study determines the obstetric factors associated with anaemia in pregnancy in a primary health centre in Port Harcourt in order to create awareness on maternal anaemia and the need to institute preventive and therapeutic measures. Methods: This is a cross-sectional; hospital- based study. A total of two hundred and twenty-seven pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic were enrolled into the study at booking in a primary health centre. Data was collected by administrating questionnaires. Blood sample was collected for haemoglobin estimation. Means were compared using z-test and statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Out of the 227, 111(48.9%) were primigravida, most of whom were anaemic (65.8%). Majority of the women booked in the second trimester 135 (59.3%) and those that booked at the third trimester were more anaemic (70.9%). Pregnant women with birth interval of <1(66.7) and > 4years (78.6%) were mostly anaemic Conclusion: Anaemia in pregnancy especially for those living in developing countries can be reduced if women are educated on the need for proper nutrition before pregnancy and on early ante-natal booking.

Visual Identification of Inconsistency in Pattern

The visual identification of inconsistencies in patterns is an area in computing that has been understudied. While pattern visualisation exposes the relationships among identified regularities, it is still very important to identify inconsistencies (irregularities) in identified patterns. The significance of identifying inconsistencies for example in the growth pattern of children of a particular age will enhance early intervention such as dietary modifications for stunted children. It is described in this chapter, the need to have a system that identifies inconsistencies in identified pattern of a dataset. Also, techniques that enable the visual identification of inconsistencies in patterns such as fault tolerance and colour coding are described. Two approaches are presented in this chapter for visualising inconsistencies in patterns namely; visualising inconsistencies in objects with many attribute values and visual comparison of an investigated dataset with a case control dataset. These approaches are associated with tools which were developed by the authors of this chapter: Firstly, ConTra which allows its users to mine and analyse the contradictions in attribute values whose data does not abide by the mutual exclusion rule of the dataset. Secondly, Datax which mines missing data; enables the visualisation of the missingness and the identification of the associated patterns. Finally, WellGrowth which explores Children’s growth dataset by comparing an investigated dataset (data obtained from a Primary Health Centre) with a case control dataset (data from the website of World Health Organisation). Instances of inconsistencies as discovered in the explored datasets are discussed.