Optimal PMU Placement Technique to Maximize Measurement Redundancy Based on Closed Neighbourhood Search

This paper proposes a method for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) for the complete observability of a power system based on the degree of the neighbourhood vertices. A three-stage algorithm is used to determine the minimum number of PMUs needed to make the system observable. The key objective of the proposed methodology is to minimize the total number of PMUs to completely observe a power system network and thereby minimize the installation cost. In addition, the proposed technique also focuses on improving the measurement redundancy. The proposed method is applied on standard IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 24-bus, IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 57-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems and a hybrid AC/DC microgrid test system. The results obtained are compared with already existing methods in terms of the Bus Observability Index (BOI) and System Observability Redundancy Index (SORI). The results show that the proposed method is simple to implement and provides better placement locations for effective monitoring compared to other existing methods.

Utilitarian redundancy in local medical systems - theoretical and methodological contributions

The utilitarian redundancy model (URM) is one of the recent contributions to ethnobiology. We argue that URM can be applied to access use-pressure on plant species, the resilience of socioecological systems (e.g., local medical systems), cultural keystone species, and the role of exotic species in social-ecological systems. Based on previous URM studies, we also emphasize the need to differ practical (considering plants and uses that are currently employed) and theoretical (considering both currently employed and potentially employed plants and uses) redundancy. Based on the main applications of the URM, we propose a new index to access redundancy of a therapeutic indication: the Uredit, so that Uredit = NSp + CR, were Uredit is the Utilitarian Redundancy Index for the therapeutic indication; NSp is the total number of species mentioned for the indication, and CR is the species’ contribution to redundancy (in terms of knowledge sharing). The maximum value that the Uredit could reach is twice the number of species employed for the therapeutic indication. We believe that this theoretical and methodological improvement in the model can improve comparisons of redundancy in different social-ecological systems. We also highlight some limitations of the URM (and our Uredit), and we believe that conscious reasons behind people’s decisions should be incorporated into future studies on the subject.

Optimal placement of PMU for complete observability of the interconnected power network considering zero-injection bus: A numerical approach

<div data-canvas-width="397.3623059866966">This paper presents an approach to place the phasor measurement unit (PMU)</div><div data-canvas-width="397.3623059866962">optimally, which minimizes the setup cost of PMU. This methodology attains complete state estimation of the interconnected power networks. An integer linear programming (ILP) method is explored for the optimal PMU placement problem. It is used to determine the optimal location and minimum number of PMUs necessary to make the interconnected power network completely observable. ILP may provide many solutions if acquainting buses to zero injection buses are unhandled. In the case of more than one solution, a bus observability redundancy index and total system observability redundancy index is proposed to find the most promising solutions set for redundancy measurement. The proposed algorithm is applied to benchmark the optimal PMU placement solutions for the IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, New England 39-bus, IEEE 118-bus, and NRPG 246-bus test systems. The obtained results of the proposed approach are compared with the existing standard algorithm, and it is observed that the proposed approach achieves complete observability of the interconnected power network under base-load conditions.</div>

Fast Load Voltage Stability Index constrained PMU Placement for Complete Observability

This paper proposes a Fast Load Voltage Stability Index (FLVSI) constrained Binary Integer Programming (BIP) method for Phasor Measurement Unit placement at optimal locations in network to obtain complete observability. Every load bus of network is considered to sort out weak load bus from proposed FLVSI approach. PMUs are constrained to place at weak load buses using BIP approach for observability of network. Zero Injection (ZI) modeling is suggested to reduce PMU placement locations in network. Single line outage or PMU loss constraints are formulated for placement of PMUs. Bus Redundancy Index (BRI) is formulated and considered for every bus of network. With and without ZI modeling under normal and line outage cases is compared to present effectiveness of approach. IEEE –14- 30-and 57- bus networks are tested with MATLAB Programming and compared with other methods to show its effectiveness.

THE EVALUATION OF REDUNDANCY FOR ROAD TRAFFIC NETWORKS

This paper presents two redundancy indices for road traffic network junctions and also an aggregated network redundancy index. The proposed redundancy indices could be implemented to identify optimal design alternatives during the planning stage of the network junctions whereas the aggregated network redundancy index could assess the best control and management policies under disruptive events. Furthermore, effective measures of network redundancy are important to policy makers in understanding the current resilience and future planning to mitigate the impacts of greenhouse gases. The proposed junction indices cover the static aspect of redundancy, i.e. alternative paths, and the dynamic feature of redundancy reflected by the availability of spare capacity under different network loading and service level. The proposed redundancy indices are based on the entropy concept, due to its ability to measure the system configuration in addition to being able to model the inherent uncertainty in road transport network conditions. Various system parameters based on different combinations of link flow, relative link spare capacity and Relative Link Speed (RLS) were examined. However, the two redundancy indices developed from the combined RLS and relative link spare capacity showed strong correlation with junction delay and volume capacity ratio of a synthetic road transport network of Delft city. Furthermore, the developed redundancy indices responded well to demand variation under the same network conditions and supply variations. Another case study on Junction 3A in M42 motorway near Birmingham demonstrated that the developed redundancy index is able to reflect the impact of the Active Traffic Management (ATM) scheme introduced in 2006.

Interdependensi Strategi Pemasaran Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan (Suatu Penelitian pada Perusahaan Asuransi Indonesia yang sudah Go Public)

This study aims to analyze the interdependence between the variables of marketing strategy and organizational performance of insurance companies using canonical correlation analysis with multiple multivariate analysis approach. The interdependent correlation value may explain the subgroup which the dominant variable affects other subgroups on the company based on the value of redundancy index. The study population was 9 go public insurance companies when the study was conducted in 2013. Given two exogenous variables, i.e. variables Effectiveness Strategy (STRAEFEK) and Efficiency Strategy (STRATEFIS). Endogenous variable is the Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR), Debt to Eqiity Ratio (DER), Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Operating Profit Margin (OPM) and Net Profit Margin (NPM).