Pseudo-Incorporated Antecedents and Anaphora in Persian: The Influence of Stereotypical Knowledge

There are different theories about the nature of pseudo-incorporated nouns (PINs), which feature a non-specific, number-neutral interpretation. For a proper analysis it is crucial to take their anaphoric potential into account. This paper investigates if and how PINs introduce discourse referents, with evidence from Persian, and which theory matches this behavior best. We report on experiments in which the stereotypical enrichment of the number-neutral interpretation was systematically varied with two types of biases — towards a singular or a plural interpretation — and in the neutral case, when such a bias is lacking. The results of the experiments are compatible with Krifka & Modarresi (2016), which considers PIN objects as dependent singular definites (similar to weak definites) within existential closure over an event variable.

Technical note: The enhancement limit of coagulation scavenging of small charged particles

We show that the limit of the enhancement of coagulation scavenging of charged particles is 2, that is, doubled compared to the neutral case. Because the particle survival probability decreases exponentially as the coagulation sink increases, everything else being equal, the doubling of the coagulation sink can amount to a dramatic drop in survival probability – squaring the survival probability, p2, where p≤1 is the survival probability in the neutral case. Thus, it is imperative to consider this counterbalancing effect when studying ion-induced new-particle formation and ion-enhanced new-particle growth in the atmosphere.

Auctioning risk: the all-pay auction under mean-variance preferences

We analyse the all-pay auction with incomplete information and variance-averse bidders. We characterise the unique symmetric equilibrium for general distributions of valuations and any number of bidders. Variance aversion is a sufficient assumption to predict that high-valuation bidders increase their bids relative to the risk-neutral case while low types decrease their bid. Considering an asymmetric two-player environment with uniformly distributed valuations, we show that a variance-averse player always bids higher than her risk-neutral opponent with the same valuation. Utilising our analytically derived bidding functions we discuss all-pay auctions with variance-averse bidders from an auction designer’s perspective. We briefly consider possible extensions of our model, including noisy signals, type-dependent attitudes towards risk, and variance-seeking preferences.

Technical note: the enhancement limit of coagulation scavenging of small charged particles

We show that the limit of the enhancement of coagulation scavenging of charged particles is 2 (doubled compared to the neutral case). Because the particle survival probability decreases exponentially as the coagulation sink increases, all else being equal, the doubling of the coagulation sink can amount to a dramatic drop in survival probability–squaring the survival probability, p2, where p ≤ 1 is the survival probability in the neutral case. Thus, it is imperative to consider this counterbalancing effect when studying ion-induced new-particle formation and ion-enhanced new-particle growth in the atmosphere.

Mountain waves produced by a stratified shear flow with a boundary layer. Part II: Form drag, wave drag, and transition from downstream sheltering to upstream blocking

The non-hydrostatic version of the mountain flow theory presented in Part I is detailed. In the near neutral case, the surface pressure decreases when the flow crosses the mountain to balance an increase in surface friction along the ground. This produces a form drag which can be predicted qualitatively. When stratification increases, internal waves start to control the dynamics and the drag is due to upward propagating mountain waves as in part I. The reflected waves nevertheless add complexity to the transition. First, when stability increases, upward propagating waves and reflected waves interact destructively and low drag states occur. When stability increases further, the interaction becomes constructive and high drag state are reached. In very stable cases the reflected waves do not affect the drag much. Although the drag gives a reasonable estimate of the Reynolds stress, its sign and vertical profile are profoundly affected by stability. In the near neutral case the Reynolds stress in the flow is positive, with maximum around the top of the inner layer, decelerating the large-scale flow in the inner layer and accelerating it above. In the more stable cases, on the contrary, the large-scale flow above the inner layer is decelerated as expected for dissipated mountain waves. The structure of the flow around the mountain is also strongly affected by stability: it is characterized by non separated sheltering in the near neutral cases, by upstream blocking in the very stable case, and at intermediate stability by the presence of a strong but isolated wave crest immediately downstream of the ridge.

Mountain waves produced by a stratified shear flow with a boundary layer: transition from downstream sheltering to upstream blocking

<p>A non-hydrostatic theory for mountain flow with a boundary layer of constant eddy viscosity is presented. The theory predicts that dissipation impacts the dynamics over a an inner layer which depth δ is predicted by viscous critical level theory. In the near neutral case, the surface pressure decreases when the flow crosses the mountain to balance an increase in surface friction along the ground. This produces a form drag which can be predicted quantitatively. With stratification, internal waves start to control the dynamics and produce a wave drag that can also be predicted. For weak stratification, upward propagating mountain waves and reflected waves interact destructively and low drag states occur, whereas for moderate stability they interact constructively and high drag states are reached. In very stable cases the reflected waves do not affect the drag much.</p><p>The sign and vertical profiles of the Reynolds stress are profoundly affected by stability. In the neutral case and up to the point where internal waves interact constructively, the Reynolds stress in the flow is positive, with maximum around the top of the inner layer, decelerating the large scale flow in the inner layer and accelerating it above. In the stable case, the opposite occurs, and the large scale flow above the inner layer is decelerated as expected for dissipated mountain waves. These opposed behaviors challenge how mountain form drag and mountain wave drag should be parameterized in large-scale models.</p><p>The structure of the flow around the mountain is also strongly affected by stability: it is characterized by non separated sheltering in the neutral case, by upstream blocking in the very stable case, and at intermediate stability by the presence of a strong but isolated wave crest immediately downstream of the ridge.</p>

Chromatic Preferences for Industrially-Manufactured Products

Several researches were focused on identifying the chromatic preference in general and on detecting the differences between women and men regarding the colour choices. Usually, researches are carried-out in a theoretical framework, considering that the preferred colours are invariant to their support. The experiment presented in this paper studied the chromatic preference considering three cases: neutral case (colours per se), low-tech products (colours on mugs) and high-tech products (colours on Lytro cameras). Also, the research studied the chromatic preference in terms of types of colours (focal, light, dark and intermediate).

A Neutral Case for Autonomy Promotion

This chapter elucidates the notion of citizenship that rightly informs the neutrality constraint and the criterion of reciprocity: On the basis of citizenship interests, neutrality limits coercive political intervention; and through the criterion of reciprocity, citizenship interests also positively demand certain coercive political interventions. Political liberalism’s characterization of citizenship attributes to citizens certain fundamental interests. When those interests are jeopardized, and when they can be protected without jeopardizing stronger interests of citizenship, exercises of political power to protect those interests are demanded by the criterion of reciprocity. This can have surprising implications. A fundamental commitment of political liberalism is that, while political institutions should be ordered by liberal values, individuals should be substantially free to reject those values within their own lives. But under some circumstances, essential citizenship interests demand political interventions to promote enactments of substantive autonomy; as such, those interventions can be required by the criterion of reciprocity.