AHP as a Useful Tool in the Assessment of the Technical Condition of Hydrotechnical Constructions

The key challenge for sustainable water management is to carry out a proper assessment of the technical condition of hydrotechnical constructions. Maintaining them in a good state is a prerequisite for ensuring the safety of objects, as well as adjacent areas. This paper compares the results of field research obtained by three methods to assess the technical condition of structures located on the Wełna River. The main objective is to determine the differences between the methods and to indicate the most important assessment elements and criteria. Moreover, it was checked if the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can be used to carry out the correct assessment of hydrotechnical construction. An assessment that will be based on the hierarchy of factors, which is not often used in other methods. The AHP was applied for the first time to assess the technical condition of hydrotechnical constructions. Based on AHP, three variants of different weights for factors, including exploitation problems and damage to construction elements, were selected. The new variants developed by the authors allow for a more accurate, multifactor assessment. The use of scales to determine the importance of individual elements contributes to the actual representation of the technical condition of the object, which is often over- or underestimated by other assessment methods. The analysis shows that the AHP method is a useful tool to support the assessment of the technical condition of hydrotechnical construction. The use of AHP as a universal assessment method will compare the technical condition of hydrotechnical constructions located all over the world.

МІКРОФІТОБЕНТОС ЯК БІОІНДИКАТОР ЗМІНИ ГІДРОМОРФОМЕТРИЧНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ВОДНОГО ОБ’ЄКТУ МІСТА КИЄВА

A great number of water bodies within urban areas of Kyiv City are exposed to human impact. Hydrotechnical construction operations alter their morphometric and hydrological parameters, water bodies are contaminated with various inorganic and organic substances etc. Since human impact upon water bodies has diversified, bioindication is a well-established and effective method of assessing water bodies’ ecological status and measuring the rate of their ecosystems’ disturbance. Microphytobenthos is an important element of aquatic ecosystems and is widely used as a reliable biological indicator. While using microphytobenthos as an ecological community, it is required to evaluate the bioindication efficiency of its indicative structural elements, which respond distinctly to changes in anthropogenic factors on the whole and in the degree of human impact upon water bodies of different types. This paper considers the findings of studying microphytobenthos indicative structural element bioindication characteristics – ecological-morphological group of benthic filamentous blue-green algae and their role in forming the respective parameters among benthonts in the littoral area of Opechen Lower Lake, located within Kyiv City residential community. Large-scale hydrotechnical construction operations conducted in the lake in 2019 greatly affected its hydromorphometric parameters by reducing the shallow-water area and disturbing the bottom sediments stability, which resulted in increase of the human load. The objective of the study was to identify key characteristics of the microphytobenthos indicative structural element under conditions of the lake’s hydromorphometric parameters alteration. Benthic algae were sampled with the MB-TE microbenthometer within the littoral area at aquatic-vegetation-free sites located in the lake’s upper and lower sections. Algae sampling and laboratory processing of samples were performed in accordance with the methods generally accepted in hydrobiology. For diatoms identification permanent slides were made with using special high-resolution mounting media. Autochthonous components in microphytobenthos, the indicative ecological-morphological group of benthic filamentous blue-green algae were distinguished proceeding from algae’s association with particular biotopes. In addition to separate characteristics (species richness, number, biomass), a multimetric index was calculated for the benthonts’ indicative group as an arithmetic average of several characteristics. The degree of human impact upon the lake ecosystem was calculated according to the proven method, consisting in distinguishing the total number of the most obvious human factors with consideration taken of their different intensity. The findings of studying the key characteristics of phytomicrobenthos indicative structural element – benthic filamentous blue-green algae in 2018–2019 confirm their high bioindication efficiency and distinct response to hydromorphometric parameters alteration in Opechen Lower Lake. As a consequence of hydromorphometric alterations the share of these algae in the benthonts’ species richness, number and biomass has decreased by half, and the vegetation-period-average multimetric index has lowered by 1.7. This gives the evidence that the conditions for bottom algae vegetation have worsened.

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ANTIFILTRATION FACILITIES

Relevance of research. In the course of the operation of irrigation systems, there is a need to protect the hydraulic structures and the adjacent territories from filtration, which should be considered as a separate type of harmful effects of water. Filtration of water from canals and ponds leads to secondary flooding, salinization and waterlogging. Filtration of water at earth dams under certain conditions leads to the destruction of dams and the creation of emergency zones in the surrounding territories. In today's conditions of reforming the Ukrainian economy, it is particularly important to use technically reliable, environmentally sound and economically feasible filtration protection facilities in hydrotechnical construction. The purpose of the study is to identify priority areas for innovative development of technologies for the construction of anti-filtration facilities and to outline the main achievements of the Institute of WPLR NAAS in solving the problem of protection against filtration in hydraulic engineering in the past. Research methodology. The study used the method of generalization and system analysis of structural and technological solutions of complex systems. Research results. Priority areas of the solving one of the urgent problems of hydrotechnical construction - problems of protection against filtration are grounded in the article. It is noted that over the past 60 years, the technologies of construction of anti-filtration structures have developed significantly. The technological level of construction of anti-filtration structures was increased by qualitative improvement and quantitative increase of anti-filtration materials, constructive solutions for anti-filtration structures, technological solutions for construction of anti-filtration structures, structural solutions of the means of mechanical laying anti-filtration materials. Based on the results of the system analysis, the hierarchical subordination of structural and technological solutions for the construction of anti-filtration structures was determined. Based on the results of functional-cost analysis of structural and technological solutions, analytical dependencies were established to determine the priority areas of innovative development of technologies for construction of anti-filtration structures. The new most significant structural and technological solutions and scientific and technical developments in the construction of anti-filtration structures, which were created at the Institute of Water Problems and Reclamation of the NAAS in the past, are presented. Over the past 60 years the Institute has developed the following technical and technological solutions in the area of protection against harmful effects of filtration: trenchless method of laying vertical screens made of polymer film; construction of anti-filtration structures using trenchless method of laying vertical screens; construction of earth dams in a tiered way; construction of concrete film screens, soil film screens, anti-filtration hangers with the use of polymer film folded into the package; improved traditional technology of construction by the method of anti-filtration curtains made of polymer film by the wall-to-soil method. The Institute has also developed the recommendations for determining the technological standards of water losses in irrigation canals in terms of reducing the useful flow of water in them. It is established that the efficiency of the canals is not technical, but technical and operational characteristics of irrigation canals. A formula for adjusting the design efficiency of irrigation canals has been developed depending on the actual water flow in the irrigation network.

On Formation of Graphics Culture in Future Engineers in the Field of Hydrotechnical Construction

The quality of university students’ graphic training should meet modern requirements to design and development execution and design drafting. The role of students’ tools training for wide use of CAD systems in solving of learning problems and execution of project tasks is increasing. It meets modern requirements to designer’s professional activity. The lack of clear and accurate originals for construction of views, sections, schemes and tabular materials, as well as use of hand work and the counterfeit automated software products, are current problems for graphics culture in the field of hydrotechnical design because significantly reduce labor productivity, quality of drawing’s performance and use. The authors offer a novel approach to formation of graphics culture in future engineers in the field of hydrotechnical construction. In this paper the possibilities of the AutoCAD system, mainly as a tool for performance of a wide range of engineering graphics tasks of any complexity when developing drawings for hydraulic engineering constructions have been considered, including: • search and analysis of layout solutions. By using AutoCAD system in its simplest, basic version, one can both analyze configuration of huge structures with accuracy up to 0,001 m and design drawings for more sizeable objects, such as plants, hydroelectric power stations, conglomerations; • design drawings of any subject and complexity. The basic version’s possibilities are quite enough to convert obtained layout solutions into high-quality project documentation that meets the requirements of domestic design standards; • design development for work execution – even without a digitized basis; • construction of loading schemes and stresses epures; • construction of graphs and diagrams. Sequential approach to formation of graphics culture will allow realize a united learning task on engineering and computer graphics for aiding in solution such important task as providing of combination for manual and computer-aided drawing when getting students’ education in graphics courses.

Aspects Regarding the Tracking of the Behavior in Time of Vâlsan Dam, Arges County, Romania

This paper aims to highlight the behavior in time monitoring of a hydrotechnical construction by establishing the displacements compared to the base tranche and the previous tranche, processing these measurements and establishing conclusions on the behavior of the analyzed construction. The main purpose of this paper is to study if there are any displacements of the studied hydrotechnical construction between different measurements tranches. Field measurements were performed between September - December 2016, after which the data was processed at the office with specially developed programs for this purpose. For the micro-triangulation stage, respectively for measuring the directions and distances, were used Leica TS02 Plus R500 total stations. The measurement accuracy of this total station is 1” for directional determination and 1.5mm + 2ppm for distances. Tracking the behavior in time of hydrotechnical constructions are of great importance, because it can prevent many calamities like breaking the dam, floods etc.