The Expression Pattern of Epidermal Differentiation Marker Keratin 10 in the Normal Human Breast and Breast Cancer Cells

Cells of the human breast gland express an array of keratins, of which some are used for characterizing both normal and neoplastic breast tissue. However, the expression pattern of certain keratins has yet to be detailed. Here, the expression of a differentiation marker of epidermal epithelium, keratin 10 (K10), was investigated in the human breast gland. While in normal breast tissue generally less than 1% of luminal epithelial cells expressed K10, in women >30 years of age glandular structures with K10-positive (K10pos) cells were found at higher frequency than in younger women. K10pos cells belong to a mature luminal compartment as they were negative for cKIT, positive for Ks20.8, and mostly non-cycling. In breast cancer, around 16% of primary breast carcinomas tested were positive for K10 by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, K10pos tumor cells generally exhibit features of differentiation similar to their normal counterparts. Although this suggests that K10 is a marker of tumor differentiation, data based on gene expression analysis imply that high levels of K10 dictate a worse outcome for breast cancer patients. These findings can form the basis of future studies that should unravel which role K10 may play as a marker of breast cancer:

Body size measurements, digit ratio (2D:4D) and oestrogen and progesterone receptors’ expressions in juvenile gigantomastia

BackgroundJuvenile breast hypertrophy is characterised by massive enlargement of the breast in the peri-pubertal period. We aimed to analyse body size measurements (body mass index [BMI], waist-to-hip circumference ratio [WHR]), digit ratio (ratio of II and IV digits’ length [2D:4D]) and oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha (ERα) and progesterone receptors (PRs) in the breast gland in women with juvenile gigantomastia.MethodsThe study involved 30 women (mean age 25.7 years) (mean age of onset – 14.8 years). ERα and PR expressions were detected immunohistochemically in breast gland samples. For comparison, 100 controls (50 women and 50 men) were included.ResultsBMI and WHR in women with gigantomastia were higher than in control women and the former had a higher WHR than expected for their BMI. 2D:4D in the examined women did not differ from that in control women. However, left 2D:4D was negatively related to the age of gigantomastia onset. There were no correlations between ER and PR expressions and the analysed body and digit ratios.ConclusionsThe lack of a relationship between 2D:4D and juvenile breast hypertrophy may suggest that foetal exposure to sex hormones may not be crucial in its aetiology. However, the link between high left 2D:4D and early development of gigantomastia suggests that prenatal sex hormones have a role in its development timing. High WHR, and particularly high WHR relative to BMI, may indicate that these women had at some stage of development higher circulating androgens, which may have been converted to oestrogens in breasts due to local aromatase activity. Verification of this hypothesis could allow consideration of the role of aromatase inhibitors in juvenile breast hypertrophy.

Breast solitary tumor in men, clinical case

We give unusual observation a breast solitary fibrous tumor in a man 74 years old. The patient was undergoing an ultrasound examination, a fine-needle aspiration puncture biopsy, a histology examination after a trepan biopsy. The doctors did not give a clear answer to the surgery about the nosology of the tumor and its malignancy. A surgical intervention was performed – the removal (amputation) of the right breast with the tumor. Immunohistochemical method of tumor tissue research was applied, the final pathohistological conclusion was made – a solitary fibrous breast tumor with medium proliferation. This case once again confirms the severity of the diagnosis of tumors of such a nosology.Keywords: solitary tumor, aspiration biopsy, breast gland

Expression of Luminal Progenitor Marker CD117 in the Human Breast Gland

CD117 is a putative marker of luminal progenitor cells in the human breast. However, so far mapping the expression pattern of CD117 within the normal gland has not been reported. Here, we examined the anatomical distribution of CD117-expressing cells in lobular and ductal structures by immunohistochemistry. The presence of CD117-positive luminal cells could be divided into three distinct patterns: (1) contiguous, with coherent positive cells and rare negative cells interspaced; (2) patched, with a roughly equal frequency of positive and negative cells distributed focally; or (3) scattered, with few or no positive cells in the structure. Generally, a patched or scattered expression pattern was more frequent in lobules compared with ducts. Furthermore, an age-correlated increase in heterogeneity was observed. When comparing women below and above 21 years of age this heterogeneity was evident for both lobules and ducts. Although CD117-expression was generally segregated from luminal-lineage transcription factor GATA3-positive cells, some did co-express both markers. Finally, co-staining with Ki-67 revealed that a prominent part of cycling cells belonged to the CD117-positive population. Together these data demonstrate the presence of a CD117-expressing progenitor compartment with the capacity to replenish the luminal lineage of the breast gland.

Ultrasound Examination of Gynecomastia Case in Male Patient: Case Report

Gynecomastia is hypertrophy abnormality of male’s breast gland soft tissue. In that case, the mammography is difficult to show the malignant masses. The ultrasonography is often useful and really important examination to confirm the diagnosis by showing retroareolar hypoechoic mass and or elevation of hyperechoic on parenchyma gland. Gynecomastia is very rare cases in older man. This case report shows 67 years old patient on compos mentis state, who has left breast enlargement.

Effects of Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringaoleifera) in the Breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is a global strategies to promote the growth, development, health and survival of infants. Despite the many benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for infants, mothers, families and communities, the coverage is still low in many countries including Indonesia. Mother's milk is produced from the collaboration between mechanical stimulation of hormonal and nerve factors. One of the hormones that affects is the estrogen. The hormone estrogen is a sex hormone produced by the uterus to stimulate the growth of sex organs such as breasts and pubic hair and regulate the menstrual cycle. The hormone estrogen also plays a role to maintain the texture and function of the breast. Pregnancy in a woman, making the breast gland will be more developed by the influence of estrogen, somatomamotropin and prolactin hormones. The process is affected by the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen significantly stimulates the synthesis and release of pituitary hormone, this effect depends on the duration and dose of administration. In Indonesia, moringa plant is a local food that has the potential to be developed in culinary breastfeeding mothers because it contains phytosterol compounds that function to improve and facilitate the production of breast milk (laktogogum effect). This paper will discuss some of the facts about the effect of Moringaoleifera extract on prolactin levels in increasing the quantity and quality of breast milk in the breastfeeding process. The amount of nutrients in the Moringa leaf (Moringaoleifera) one such as phytosterol compounds (laktogogum effect) in increasing levels of pituitary hormone and iron hormones can have a positive impact on the health of the baby because breast milk is the most important and best natural baby food.