Chitosan Augments Tetramycin against Soft Rot in Kiwifruit and Enhances Its Improvement for Kiwifruit Growth, Quality and Aroma

In this study, the co–application of chitosan and tetramycin against kiwifruit soft rot and its effects on the disease resistance, growth, quality and aroma of kiwifruit were investigated. The results show that chitosan could effectively enhance tetramycin against soft rot of kiwifruit with the field control efficacy of 85.33% for spraying chitosan 100 time + 0.3% tetramycin AS 5000–time dilution liquid, which was higher than 80.99% for 0.3% tetramycin AS 5000–time dilution liquid and significantly (p < 0.01) higher than 40.66% for chitosan 100–time dilution liquid. Chitosan could significantly (p < 0.05) improve the promoting effects of tetramycin on total phenolics, total flavonoids, SOD activity of kiwifruit compared to tetramycin during storage for 0–28 days and enhance the disease resistance of kiwifruit. Moreover, the co–application of chitosan and tetramycin was more effective than tetramycin or chitosan alone in enhancing fruit growth, improving fruit quality and increasing fruit aroma. This study highlights that chitosan can be used as an adjuvant to enhance tetramycin against soft rot of kiwifruit and promote tetramycin’s improvement for the single fruit volume and weight, vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble solid, dry matter, soluble protein, titratable acidity and aroma of kiwifruit.

Lithological-geochemical, petro mag netic and paleoecological characteristics of sedimentational conditions for the Ulyanovsk-Saratov foredeep at Campanian-Zelandian time

Results of the complex research of the carbonate rhythmically bedded section of the cement factory quarry of the Sengeley town of the Ulyanovsk province are presented. Description of cyclically bedded silicious member of Lower Paleocene is presented. For rhythmic and cryptorhythmic Upper Cretaceous and also cyclic Lower Paleocene deposits conditions of it origin by use of a complex of methods including lithological, petrographic, petromagnetic, geochemical, chemical and paleoecological ones, are reconstructed for the first time. Dilution and eustatic cycles, caused by eccentricity cycles of the Earth`s orbit became an agent forming rhythmicity. The last are determined in the cryptorhythmic lanceolata member of the Lower Maastrichtian.

Systematic Use Of Heparin In The Continuous Flow Centrifuge (CFC) For Blood Cell Separation

To date the use of heparin in the CFC has not been adequately controlled, thus exposing donors and patients to coagulation disorders. For this reason, we decided to evaluate the use of heparin by continuous infusion in dosages that would be modified by a simultaneous assessment of its anticoagulant effect, as shown by the thrombin time dilution test (TTDT).The study was performed during 46 leukopher- esis and 27 plasmapheresis. It was ascertained that heparin is an efficient anticoagulant in the CFC, using the TTDT as an effective and reliable method for its control. The initial dose in leukopheresis is one unit per milliliter of blood during the first hour, then half the dose during the next hour, and then a quarter of the dose until the procedure is completed. A TTDT performed every hour will indicate whether the amount of heparin used should be modified. For plasmapheresis, it is neccesary to establish a specific dose in each instance, using the TTDT as described. In most of the subjects, the anticoagulant level was exactly right. There was no case of bleeding or extracorporeal coagulation of the blood.On the basis of these findings, we recommend the use of heparin in the CFC, applying the results of the TTDT as a guide for its dosage level.

THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF STREPTOLYSIN S

Considerable purification of streptolysin S has been achieved by fractionation of crude bacterial filtrates with methanol, under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The final material (P III) consisted of two electrophoretic components. The purified material was employed for kinetic studies, the results of which were confirmed with hemolysin isolated electrophoretically from P III. The heat of activation (temperature characteristic) of streptolysin S was found to be 17,900 calories per mole. Time dilution curves of the hemolysin were found to be sigmoid. The influence of certain ions and lipids on the course of hemolysis was investigated. The significance of the prolonged lag period and of the deviation in the behavior of streptolysin S from Ponder's equation has been discussed.

HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF AN ANTICOAGULANT IN CIRCULATING BLOOD. CASE REPORT AND LABORATORY STUDIES

A new observation of a hemorrhagic diathesis associated with the presence of an anticoagulant in the circulating blood is reported here. The patient was a 21 year old male, appearing by clinical evaluation to have hemophilia, but without a family history of hemophilia. The blood and plasma were strongly anticlotting and had a very long clotting time. The clotting time of recalcified citrated plasma was greatly delayed by removing the platelets. Freezing and thawing of platelet-rich plasma resulted in a marked shortening of the clotting time. Dilution of the plasma shortened the clotting time, while the addition of calcium and storage of the plasma had no effect. The prolonged clotting time was not corrected by the addition of normal plasma or plasma fractions having antihemophilic activity. The prothrombin time was nearly normal. Small quantities of thromboplastin were very effective in shortening the clotting time. The anticoagulant had no antithrombin activity. The "progressive" antithrombin and antifibrinolysin of the patient’s plasma were normal. The anticoagulant acts during the first phase of coagulation by inhibiting an (plasma) activator of prothrombin. It appears to be identical with the anticoagulant described in three previous publications from the United States.

The absorption of simple lysins at cell interfaces

The existing theory for the action of hæmolysins treats the phenomenon as the result of an irreversible reaction between the lysin and some component of the cell membrane, this leads to a loss of semi-permeability of the cells, which are supposed to have different resistances to the destructive effect of the lysin. Up to now the justification for this theory is that the equation in which it is expressed describe time-dilution curves and percentage hæmolysis curves satisfactorily, but no attempt has been made to follow the changes in lysin concentration which accompany the lytic process. So far as the present theory is concerned, these might be of three kinds. (1) The concentration of free lysin in the system should fall as a result of the lysis, hæmoglobin and other cell membrane. (2) During the process of lysis, hæmoglobin and other cell contents are liberated, and these may react with the lysin, producing either inhibition or acceleration. (3) On the addition of the lysin to the cells, some of the former may be “absorbed” or “fixed” at the cell surfaces, just as sensitizing agents and complement are “absorbed” (see ponder, 1932, a , 1933). Further, the quantity so absorbed may change as time goes on. This paper is concerned with some of these questions.

HEMOLYSIS OF CHICKEN BLOOD

1. The time-dilution curves are given for the hemolytic action of saponin, sodium taurocholate, and sodium oleate on nucleated chicken erythrocytes. 2. Saponin and sodium taurocholate cause hemolysis but leave the nuclei and ghosts in suspension, thereby making the end-point of hemolysis more arbitrary than the clear end-point for non-nucleated cell hemolysis. 3. The curves of hemolysis by saponin and taurocholate are shown to be of the same nature as are found in the hemolysis of non-nucleated cells. 4. Sodium oleate causes first hemolysis and then, in the stronger solutions, causes karyolysis. Two pairs of values for κ and c = ∞ are thus obtainable for the same reaction, one pair for the destruction of corpuscular membrane, the other pair for the destruction of the nucleus. 5. Viscosity changes are found in the lysin-cell system with strong concentrations of sodium taurocholate and sodium oleate. Time-viscosity curves are given for these changes. 6. Microscopically, the action of these lysins on the nucleated chicken red cell appears to be similar to their action on the non-nucleated erythrocytes.

HEMOLYSIS BY SAPONIN AND SODIUM TAUROCHOLATE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SERIES OF RYVOSH

1. The series of Ryvosh is obtained when hemolysis of the red cells of the animals concerned occurs with saponin as the lytic agent. 2. The series of Ryvosh is not obtained when R∞ is taken as the resistance constant and sodium taurocholate is used to hemolyse the cells of the same animals. 3. The hemolysin sodium taurocholate has been found to differ from saponin in that the time-dilution curves are found to approach their respective asymptotes with different values of κ.

The measurement of percentage hæmolysis.—ΙΙ

In previous papers (1, 2, 3) we have shown that the reaction between a simple hæmolysin, such as saponin or one of the bile salts or soaps, can be described by an expression not unlike that for a monomolecular reaction, provided that it is recognised that this reaction takes place among a population of cells each member of which possesses a different resistance to the lysin, the resistances being distributed according to a frequency curve. In the papers quoted it has been shown that such a conception of the reaction accounts in every way for the time-dilution curves for the simple lysins, and for the phenomena observed when the concentration of cell suspension is varied ; the percentage hæmolysis curves alone remain to be discussed in full, although in (1) it has been demonstrated that the principal properties of these curves may be explained on the above assumptions.