Spectrophotometric Determination of the Honey Bee Quality

Honey produced by bees from nectar in flowers and plants, is an aqueous supersaturated sugar solution, mainly monosaccharide (fructose and glucose) (70%–80%) and water (10%–20%). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) content in honey bee is an indicator of the purity. High concentration of 5-HMF in honey bee indicates overheating and poor storage conditions (The chemical properties of honey, free acids and total acids) significantly in correlation with the HMF content and provides parameters that are used to make quick assessments of honey quality (Khalil et al., 2010). The recommended value of 5-HMF (Alinorm 01/25, 2000) and the European Union (Directive 110/2001) in honey usually should not exceed 80 or 40 mg/kg, respectively. This work aims to examine the concentration of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) content in different Qatari honey bee samples as an indicator of the honey bee quality by using the reference White Method.

Are Class Actions Finally (Re)conquering Europe? Some Remarks on Directive 2020/1828

The article provides a brief overview of the background of the new European Union directive on representative actions for protection of the collective interest of consumers (Directive 2020/1828). It describes the basic elements of the directive and explains the major changes that have occurred since the European Commission issued its Recommendation document on collective redress in 2013. The author highlights the issues of the scope of application of the directive, of legal standing to bring a representative action, of collective settlements, and of the problem of funding for collective actions. This discussion puts emphasis on the need to extend legal standing to individual members of the group and articulates an appeal to national legislatures, particularly in Germany, to be more open-minded towards commercial litigation funding and the establishment of a public access-to-justice fund designed to guarantee the effectiveness of Directive 2020/1828 and its implementation.

10. Product liability

This chapter discusses the law on product liability. Common law product liability is based upon the law of negligence. Beginning with the narrow ratio in Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), it further developed the concept of intermediate examination in Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936). The relevant statute is the Consumer Protection Act 1987 (CPA 1987), passed in response to a European Union Directive. This introduces strict liability, when a defective product causes damage. The CPA 19876 establishes a hierarchy of possible defendants beginning with the producer. Defences under the CPA 1987 include the ‘development risks’ defence to protect scientific and technical innovation. If damage relates to quality or value, the only remedy will be in contract.

COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BODIES

The aim of this study is to present the compliance functions in public administration bodies and, as a result, to present the demands with regard to the legitimacy of the compliance management in the public sector programme. The author has focused on theoretical considerations which purpose was to justify the necessity of implementing compliance procedures to public administration bodies. The analysis of the list of publications of the subject in terms of the issue mentioned above has been applied with particular reference to „Guidelines regarding the terms of creating and introducing effective compliance programmes in public sector.”, as well as to legal rules and press releases. In addition, the article has been based on the author’s knowledge acquired during the Approved Public Compliance Officer (APCO) training within „Ethics, Compliance & Integrity Professional” programme. The above mentioned issues comply with the present needs of public administration bodies which must implement whistleblowing procedures in accordance with the latest European Union directive and are willing to keep the compliance structures in accordance with the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau guidelines.

Bezpośredni skutek „dyrektywy obrończej” w polskim procesie karnym

As of 27 November 2017 the deadline passed by which the European Union Directive 2013/48/EU on the right of access to a lawyer should have been implemented by the Member States in their respective legal systems. Poland completed the said responsibility only ostensibly, for no legal norms which regulate the standard of the right to formal defence contained in Polish Code of Criminal Procedure have been amended. This very situation makes it necessary to consider whether the norms of the directive in question may cause the so-called direct effect in Poland’s domestic legal system, particularly: whether prosecuted individuals may directly invoke the directive in order to, based on its content, seek the assistance of a lawyer in the course of criminal proceedings. Therefore, it stands to reason that, at least in relation to some of the competences envisioned in the directive, such eventuality exists, whereas in remainder of the cases the judicial bodies are obliged to interpret the respective norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure in pro-EU manner, thereby elevating the standard of right to formal defence present in Polish criminal proceedings. Nonetheless, the real transposition of this directive should be postulated, since invoking its direct effect cannot exempt a Member State from implementing it in accordance with EU treaties as a way to harmonize domestic legal systems.

Access to a Lawyer for a Suspect at Early Stage of Criminal Proceedings and Its Participation in Investigative Acts

This elaboration is dedicated to analysis of access to a lawyer for a suspect at early stage of criminal proceedings in Polish criminal law in the light of directive 2013/48/EU. In particular, it emphasises the suspects right of access to a lawyer during identity parade, confrontation and reconstruction of the scene of a crime. It considers whether the applicable legal provisions of the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure ensure, above all, appropriate scope of the right of the defence for the suspected person in view of the indicated evidentiary activities and whether this scope corresponds to the standards designated by the European Union directive 2013/48/EU.

Improving access to justice for older victims of crime by reimagining conceptions of vulnerability

This article investigates the implications of recent research findings that establish that older victims of crime are less likely to obtain procedural justice than other age groups. It explores original empirical data from the United Kingdom that finds evidence of a systemic failure amongst agencies to identify vulnerability in the older population and to put in place appropriate support mechanisms to allow older victims to participate fully in the justice system. The article discusses how the legally defined gateways to additional support, which are currently relied upon by many common law jurisdictions, disadvantage older victims and require reimagining. It argues that international protocols, especially the current European Union Directive on victims’ rights, are valuable guides in this process of re-conceptualisation. To reduce further the inequitable treatment of older victims, the article advocates for jurisdictions to introduce a presumption in favour of special assistance for older people participating in the justice system.

Freshwater pathways and litter

<p>In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies about freshwater micro-litter  and how it ends up in the ocean. Nevertheless, macro-litter studies are not common in freshwater landscapes and yet less frequent among rivers. Almost always, research is focused on estuaries rather than rivers.</p><p>The Asociación Paisaje Limpio has been developed, for some years, several studies as an affordable methodology to measure macro-litter in rivers throughout its.</p><p>This way, our methodology is a combination between research and action. We don’t just tackle the macro-litter data field, but also identify specific litter problems along the river. We act through campaigns, agreement for companies and public administrations, etc.</p><p>A need have been observed to combined different types of methodology to monitoring different types of rivers in order to be able to draw a conclusion:</p><ul><li><strong>Visual counting</strong>: counting floating macro-litter on <strong>surface </strong>using RIMMEL app.</li> <li>By the <strong>riverbank,</strong>through a <strong>Citizen Science</strong> tool create by Asociación Paisaje Limpio and Asociación Vertidos Cero, called <strong>eLitter</strong>. Elitter is harmonized with other marine-litter methodologies (Marine litter watch, MARNOBA in Spain) and its litter classification is based on OSPAR protocol.</li> <li>If the <strong>riverbed </strong>is accessible eLitter is also used, but when is not accessible a dredge "Van Veen" have been used instead. This method has been applied in other marine-litter projects on seabed.</li> <li><strong>Floating booms</strong>: it lets us know plastics rate in captured floating litter, and the water flow extrapolation.</li> <li><strong>Nets from a kayak</strong>: to study the plastic concentration  in <strong>the water column </strong>and the water flow extrapolation.</li> <li><strong>Water quality general analysis:</strong>this analysis is useful to support the hypothesis about litter’s source in a river, mainly where the source is the sewage as happens with wet wipes, ear sticks...</li> </ul><p>-<strong>Case study</strong>: river Lagares, a spanish river in Pontevedra, Galicia. The river Lagares flows into the Atlantic, in a Special Protection Area (SPA), a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds.</p><p>The Asociación Paisaje Limpio is working on this river since 2018. We have applied the different methodologies explained before, in the river Lagares.</p>

REGISTER OF ULTIMATE BENEFICIARIES AS A LEGAL MECHANISM FOR TRACKING THE REAL OWNER OF THE COMPANY. EXPERIENCE IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

In 2015, the European Union adopted the Fourth European Union Directive 2015/849 of the 20th of May, 2015 «on the prevention of the use of the fi nancial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist fi nancing», which introduced the most important innovation – the introduction of a public register of benefi cial owners of European companies and other structures. This article examines the reaction of individual countries to the main proposals and comments of the Directive, which is refl ected in the amendments to the current legal system. Special attention is paid to offshore zones, which are trying to fi nd a compromise between the comments of the European Union, promoting business transparency, and the principle of anonymity, which is the main privilege of offshore territories and which attracts a considerable fl ow of entrepreneurs and their investments. In addition, the article deals with the problem of contradiction of the Russian legislation regulating the procedure for maintaining the register of benefi cial owners and providing information contained therein. The article formulates the main conclusion regarding the register of benefi ciaries as a new modern trend of international tax planning, which should be taken into account in the future when creating the structure of foreign companies, as well as when choosing the jurisdiction in which business activities are planned.

10. Product liability

This chapter discusses the law on product liability. Common law product liability is based upon the law of negligence. Beginning with the narrow ratio in Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), it further developed the concept of intermediate examination in Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936). The relevant statute is the Consumer Protection Act 1987, passed in response to a European Union Directive. This introduces strict liability, when a defective product causes damage. The CPA establishes a hierarchy of possible defendants beginning with the producer. Defences under the CPA include the ‘development risks’ defence to protect scientific and technical innovation. If damage relates to quality or value, the only remedy will be in contract.