Problemy związane z tzw. konstrukcją ciągłości przestępstwa w odniesieniu do instytucji prawa karnego procesowego – res iudicata oraz zakazu ne bis in idem

Przemysław Krawczyk discusses the impact of institutions related to the continuity of a crime on the substantive validity of judgments in criminal cases and the ne bis in idem prohibition that flows from it. The study presents the views of doctrine and judicature which treat the scope of the validity of substantive judgment in relation to conduct (acts) committed in the conditions of continuity. It should be noted at the outset that positions on this issue tend to be diametrically different. Moreover, Krawczyk points out how important it is to set temporal limits to the continuity of an offence. This issue is of considerable importance from the point of view of the substantive validity of a ruling issued in a criminal trial, because incorrect or insufficiently precise delimitation of these limits may result in a violation of some fundamental principles of criminal law, both substantive and procedural.

The identity parade – through the eyes of the defence counsel

A few Hungarian cases of justice miscarriage demonstrate that the identity parade (line up) method in the criminal procedure could be a “dangerous act”, because the witnesses sometimes give false testimonies, make wrong choices, the authority sometimes fails the recognition process, and lastly the “result” could be a “justizmord”. Based on scientific research, the present study reveals the most frequent criminal procedural and criminalistic wrongdoings. It also focuses on preventing legal and criminal tactical possibilities and suggestions. It can be read mostly from the defence counsel’s point of view. The author declares the lawyers’ legal and factual tasks in this field, especially for preventing wrongful sentences. This is the duty of all legal representatives (detectives, prosecutors, judges) as well.

Granice ingerencji w prawo do prywatności w procesie zwalczania przestępczości oraz zapobiegania jej skutkom

In their article, Erwin Ryter and Justyna Ryter make an attempt to answer the following questions: What may be the farthest limit of tolerance towards public authorities’ interference with a person’s right to privacy in the context of fight against crime as well as the performance of necessary and purposeful procedural actions? Can both the procedural objective and the fact of the violation of the right to privacy of the suspect justify direct or indirect interference with the privacy of persons from the suspect’s social environment, even if that interference is a side effect of actions taken against the offender? The authors of this article also raise the issue of privacy violations in relation to various forms of monitoring of persons who are of interest to the authorities conducting the proceedings. In particular, these proceedings may involve keeping various types of registers containing the data of offender, using classified eavesdropping on them, observing their whereabouts, and disclosing their personal data.

Koncepcja tzw. sprawstwa rozszerzonego przestępstw przeciwko bezpieczeństwu w komunikacji. Stanowisko krytyczne

The subject of the article is to discuss the issues related to the crime against security in communication, and above all, specified in Art. 177 of the Criminal Code for the offense of causing a road accident. Despite the fact that, in its basic elements, the features of this prohibited act do not raise any doubts, and the crime functioned in all penal codifications, it is still problematic to determine who can actually be the subject of it. Expression of this problem are the recent judgements, which ought to be subject to criticism. This is related to the possibility of responsibility for the so-called extended perpetration, which should be denial.

Nielegalność uzyskania dowodów w polskim procesie karnym. Zagadnienia definicyjne

Artykuł jest poświęcony zagadnieniom terminologicznym dotyczącym jednego z bardziej kontrowersyjnych i budzących niemałe zainteresowanie doktryny problemów na gruncie polskiego procesu karnego. Autorka prezentuje fundamentalne ustalenia definicyjne odnoszące się do pojęć, takich jak: ,,dowód nielegalny”, ,,uzyskanie dowodów nielegalnych”, ,,dowód bezpośrednio nielegalny” oraz ,,dowód pośrednio nielegalny”, bazując na rozmaitych poglądach doktryny karnoprocesowej. Rozróżniając dowody bezpośrednio nielegalne od pośrednio nielegalnych, opowiada się za koniecznością rzetelnego zdefiniowania omawianych zagadnień, co argumentuje obecnym kształtem regulacji art. 168a k.p.k. W rezultacie, na podstawie przyjętych definicji dwóch kategorii dowodów nielegalnych, precyzuje, która z nich może obecnie być podstawą dokonywania ustaleń faktycznych, a która stanowi nadal pole do rozważań.

Habeas corpus w Polsce oraz w niektórych państwach kręgu common law. Analiza prawnoporównawcza

In their article, Przemysław Krawczyk and Bartosz Łukowiak discuss the issue of the habeas corpus procedure. On the basis of a comparative legal analysis, they present a model of the functioning of this institution in Poland and in selected countries whose legal code is based on common law. Krawczyk and Łukowiak discuss in detail, among other things, the scope and the subject matter of this mode and the catalogue of guarantees associated with it. Their research has made it possible to compare the most important similarities and differences in the functioning of the habeas corpus privilege in the Polish legal code and in common law. This, in turn, has allowed them to assess the accuracy of some of the solutions known to the Polish criminal procedural law. This article contains extensive references to the views expressed on this mode both in the Polish and the Anglo-Saxon doctrine of the procedural criminal law and to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the United States Supreme Court.

Kontakty skazanych ze światem zewnętrznym jako element procesu społecznej readaptacji

W artykule zostały omówione m.in. nowoczesne metody komunikowania się skazanych z bliskimi, problematyka tzw. widzeń intymnych, kwestia kontaktów skazanych ze światem zewnętrznym w sytuacji pandemii COVID-19 oraz wyniki działalności instytucji kontrolnych.

The problem of hate crimes in the United States of America

The aim of this article is to draw attention to an issue that has a long history: the problem of hate crimes in the United States of America. There is no doubt that hate crimes are the type of crime that attack the very principle of individuality that is an entitlement under the equal protection of the law (in the U.S.). Bearing the foregoing in mind the above, and that the number of such crime has increased at an alarming rate, this article describes and discusses types of hate crimes such as: Racist and Religious Hate Crimes, Sexual Orientation-Based Hate Crimes and Disability Hate Crimes as an extended projection of the analysis, several solutions have been proposed to mitigate tensions and combat the prevalence and severity of hate crime in all its forms.

Wybrane zagadnienia związane ze stosowaniem instytucji usiłowania we współczesnym orzecznictwie sądów polskich

The institution of attempt is used relatively frequently in the practice of justice system.Importantly, it always separates the punishable stage of attempt from punishable preparatory activities, and therefore constitutes the limit of criminalization. Despite its practical importance, using of the indicated legal structure, raises a number of doubts that are related to the proper interpretation of the normative concepts comprising it. A consequence is moving the limit of punishability of the crime by adjudicating authorities. It can raise some objections – from fundamental principle of criminal law inthe form of nullum crimen sine lege point of view. The article discusses the problems of that appear in jurisdiction in connection with the application of the attempt institution; these problems raise interest among doctrine. The author confronts irreconcilable judgments. The Author searches interpretative solutions that seem the most appropriate from theoretical and dogmatic structure of the successful attempt and inept attempt point of view.

Jawność rozprawy głównej a gwarancje przewidziane w Konstytucji

The principle of openness, as one of the foremost principles of criminal proceedings, is realised above all during the main trial. The amendment act of law to the code of criminal procedure issued on 10 June 2016 introduced model changes in this regard. The article is devoted to a discussion of mainly these changes in the context of their consistency with the Constitution. The first change has to do with the fact that the public prosecutor has the right to express his or her objection toward the holding of a trial in camera, while such an objection is binding for the court. This regulation is a source of reservations of constitutional nature, for it violates the constitutional right to a fair adjudication of a case by the court. The second fundamental change consists in the establishment, as a principle, of audio-visual registering of the court session by the representatives of media outlets. In these terms, a critical analysis should be conducted upon the removal of the condition of the respect of the important interest of the participant of a criminal proceeding. However, a basically positive evaluation was received by the extension of the scope of the openness of the main trial, expressing a thesis about the constancy of this regulation with the Constitution.