Applications of Surfactants and Nanoparticles in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

The surfactant injection is considered as the EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) with the highest potential to recover oil from reservoirs due to its ability to reduce interfacial forces into the porous medium. However, the adsorption of this type of chemical on the surface of rocks is the main problem when a surfactant injection project is applied since the surfactant molecules would rather be placed on rock minerals instead of being the oil–water interface. Based on this fact, this chapter would be discussed the significance of surfactant injection as an EOR method, the types of surfactants used, the main mechanism and parameters involved in the surfactant adsorption on the rock, and its consequences in oil recovery. Likewise, the addition of nanoparticles to inhibit the adsorption of surfactants is another topic that will be covered as a novel technology to improve the efficiency of the EOR process.

Atypical Mineralization Involving Pd-Pt, Au-Ag, REE, Y, Zr, Th, U, and Cl-F in the Oktyabrsky Deposit, Norilsk Complex, Russia

Highly atypical mineralization involving Pd-Pt, Au-Ag, REE, Y, Zr, U, Th, and Cl-F-enriched minerals is found in zones with base metal sulfides (BMS; ~5 vol.% to 20 vol.%) in the eastern portion of the Oktyabrsky deposit in the Norilsk complex (Russia). The overall variations in Mg# index, 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+ + Mn), in host-rock minerals are 79.8 → 74.1 in olivine, 77.7 → 65.3 in orthopyroxene, 79.9 → 9.2 in clinopyroxene, and An79.0 → An3.7. The span of clinopyroxene and plagioclase compositions reflects their protracted crystallization from early magmatic to late interstitial associations. The magnesian chromite (Mg# 43.9) trends towards Cr-bearing magnetite with progressive buildups in oxygen fugacity; ilmenite varies from early Mg-rich to late Mn-rich variants. The main BMS are chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, troilite, and Co-bearing pentlandite, with less abundant cubanite (or isocubanite), rare bornite, Co-bearing pyrite, Cd-bearing sphalerite (or wurtzite), altaite, members of the galena-clausthalite series and nickeline. A full series of Au-Ag alloy compositions is found with minor hessite, acanthite and argentopentlandite. The uncommon assemblage includes monazite-(Ce), thorite-coffinite, thorianite, uraninite, zirconolite, baddeleyite, zircon, bastnäsite-(La), and an unnamed metamict Y-dominant zirconolite-related mineral. About 20 species of PGM (platinum group minerals) were analyzed, including Pd-Pt tellurides, bismuthotellurides, bismuthides and stannides, Pd antimonides and plumbides, a Pd-Ag telluride, a Pt arsenide, a Pd-Ni arsenide, and unnamed Pd stannide-arsenide, Pd germanide-arsenide and Pt-Cu arseno-oxysulfide. The atypical assemblages are associated with Cl-rich annite with up to 7.54 wt.% Cl, Cl-rich hastingsite with up 4.06 wt.% Cl, ferro-hornblende (2.53 wt.% Cl), chlorapatite (>6 wt.% Cl) and extensive solid solutions of chlorapatite, fluorapatite and hydroxylapatite, Cl-bearing members of the chlorite group (chamosite; up to 0.96 wt.% Cl), and a Cl-bearing serpentine (up to 0.79 wt.% Cl). A decoupling of Cl and F in the geochemically evolved system is evident. The complex assemblages formed late from Cl-enriched fluids under subsolidus conditions of crystallization following extensive magmatic differentiation in the ore-bearing sequences.

SINTESIS ZEOLIT DARI BATU APUNG (PUMICE) DAERAH IJOBALIT LOMBOK TIMUR SEBAGAI ADSORBEN LOGAM Fe

ABSTRAKAktivitas letusan besar Gunung Api Samalas di Lombok meninggalkan jejak mineral batuan beku salah satunya batu apung (pumice). Batu apung memiliki komposisi mineral utama berupa silika sebanyak 58,3%. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk identifikasi karakteristik zeolit dari batu apung sebagai adsorben logam Fe. Zeolite disintesis menggunakan metode kopresipitasi. Identifikasi gugus fungsi, kristalinitas, dan struktur kristal zeolite sintesis menggunakan FTIR dan XRD. Sedangkan analisis adsorbsi menggunakan AAS. Zeolit berhasil terbentuk dari sintesis batu apung ditandai dengan kemunculan gugus fungsi TO4 dan gugus fungsi Si-O-Si pada panjang gelombang 983,85 cm-1 dan 660,02 cm-1. Zeolit yang terbentuk dari proses sintesis batu apung yaitu tipe zeolit ZK-14 dengan struktuk kristal kubik. Adapun hasil analisis kemampuan adsorbs dari zeolite ZK-14 ini sangat baik mencapai 99,22% pada komposisi Si/Al pada 25/30. Sehingga sintesis batub apung menjadi zeolite dapat diaplikasikan sebagai penyerap logam Fe. Kata kunci: Adsorben; Batu Apung; Zeolit. ABSTRACTThe massive eruption activity of the Samalas Volcano in Lombok left traces of igneous rock minerals, one of which was pumice. The pumice has a main mineral composition of 58.3% silica. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of zeolite from pumice as an adsorbent of Fe metal. Zeolite has been synthesized using a coprecipitation method. The identification of functional groups, crystallinity, and crystal structure of synthetic zeolite using FTIR and XRD. Meanwhile, AAS was implemented for the adsorption analysis. The zeolite was successfully formed from the synthesis of pumice characterized by the appearance of the TO4 functional group and the Si-O-Si functional group at wavelengths of 983.85 cm-1 and 660.02 cm-1. The zeolite fabricated from the pumice synthesis process is ZK-14 type zeolite with a cubic crystal structure. The examination results from the adsorption ability of zeolite ZK-14 are very good, reaching 99.22% at the Si/Al composition at 25/30. In fact, the synthesis of pumice into zeolite can be applied as an absorber of Fe metal. Keywords: Adsorbent; Pumice Stone; Zeolite.

The Geology of Silali Basin (Kenya) as an Extra-Terrestrial Impact Crater (ETIC)

Certain rocks, rock minerals and rock formations have come to be associated with ETICs (Extra-terrestrial Impact Craters). An extra-terrestrial impact crater is a crater that is formed by an extra-terrestrial impact event whereby a heavenly body (a meteor, comet, or asteroid) hits the earth’s surface and creates a crater; before it cools on the earth’s surface as a meteorite or completely gets squashed by the thermodynamics of space transit. The crater created can be dry or filled with water and may be a simple crater or a complex one, also denoted as a basin. The objective of this paper is to describe the geology of the Silali basin as an Extra-Terrestrial Impact Crater (ETIC), highlight the importance of some of its ETIC rocks and explain the formation of the Silali basin resulting from extra-terrestrial impact. Data was collected through field observation, remote sensing, analysis of past geographical and geological studies, interviewing and laboratory analysis. Information has been presented in the form of analyzed satellite images, pictures, tables, and maps. Notably, this is the first study on extra-terrestrial impact cratering (ETIC) in Kenya. Consequently, the Silali basin, as an ETIC, and its environs, is a virgin field for further scientific research.

The Geology of Silali Basin (Kenya) as an Extra-Terrestrial Impact Crater (ETIC)

Certain rocks, rock minerals and rock formations have come to be associated with ETICs (Extra-terrestrial Impact Craters). An extra-terrestrial impact crater is a crater that is formed by an extra-terrestrial impact event whereby a heavenly body (a meteor, comet, or asteroid) hits the earth’s surface and creates a crater; before it cools on the earth’s surface as a meteorite or completely gets squashed by the thermodynamics of space transit. The crater created can be dry or filled with water and may be a simple crater or a complex one, also denoted as a basin. The objective of this paper is to describe the geology of the Silali basin as an Extra-Terrestrial Impact Crater (ETIC), highlight the importance of some of its ETIC rocks and explain the formation of the Silali basin resulting from extra-terrestrial impact. Data was collected through field observation, remote sensing, analysis of past geographical and geological studies, interviewing and laboratory analysis. Information has been presented in the form of analyzed satellite images, pictures, tables, and maps. Notably, this is the first study on extra-terrestrial impact cratering (ETIC) in Kenya. Consequently, the Silali basin, as an ETIC, and its environs, is a virgin field for further scientific research.