Effects of Rotifers Enriched With Different Enhancement Products on Larval Performance and Jaw Deformity of Golden Pompano Larvae Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

This study evaluated the effects of rotifers enriched with three enhancement products (Nannochloropsis, S.presso, and Algamac 3080) on the body fatty acid composition, growth, survival, jaw deformity, and bone development-related gene expression of the golden pompano larvae. The rotifers enriched with Nannochloropsis were rich in EPA, and the rotifers enriched with S.presso and Algamac 3080 were rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The level of DHA in Algamac 3080 is higher than that in S.presso. The first feeding started at 3 DPH, and data were collected at 8 DPH. The results showed that the body fatty acid composition of the larvae was basically the same as that of the feeding rotifers. The specific growth rate of S.presso and Algamac 3080 treatment was significantly higher than the un-enriched treatment (P < 0.05). The survival rate of Algamac 3080 treatment was significantly lower than the other treatments (P < 0.05), and the jaw deformity rate of S.presso treatment was significantly lower than the Nannochloropsis and un-enriched treatment (P < 0.05). The expression level of BMP2 and BMP4 in golden pompano larvae were not significantly affected by the enhancement products (P > 0.05), and the expression level of RXRα decreased significantly in the S.presso and Algamac 3080 treatment (P < 0.05). This study indicates that S.presso was an enhancement product more suitable for rotifers for golden pompano larvae. This study provided reliable reference and guidance for the first feeding of golden pompano larvae and also provided more reference data for the study of the mechanism of diet on larval fish bone deformity.

Current status of clinical orthodontics in European and American countries

Current status of clinical orthodontics in European and American countries was examined by means of a questionnaire survey through internet. In the European and American countries, most popular technique in daily orthodontic practice is preadjusted straight wire edgewise technique. In major developed countries in Europe and America, the treatment fee is considerably high, whereas the fee is relatively low in the countries under development and/or after economic crisis. Rate of non-extraction treatment among all the cases treated with multi-bracket appliances is significantly higher in Europe and America than in Asia except in a few countries. In the European and American countries, treatment system for jaw deformity patients is well developed with higher availability of the social health insurance than in Asia. The maximum CLP prevalence of 0.200 is found in Germany and Austria and the mean is around 0.140 or one to 700 births. In general, CLP treatment is covered by social health insurance in European and American countries. In Europe and America, lingual orthodontic technique has not become popular because patients never want to hide orthodontic appliance. Higher cost of lingual appliance and lack in information and technical skills may be the reasons of less frequent use of lingual appliance. Many interviewees replied that usage of TADs has not become so popular in USA and Canada as compared to that in Asia. In another word, the initial fascination with TADs wore off and are now used in selected patients as needed. This may be due to more harmonious maxillofacial structure with longer and wider dentitions in Caucasians which also results in higher rate of non-extraction treatment with multibracket appliances in European and American countries.