Evaluation of SEBS, METRIC-EEFlux, and QWaterModel Actual Evapotranspiration for a Mediterranean Cropping System in Southern Italy

Remote sensing-based evapotranspiration (ET) models with various levels of sophistication have emerged recently with the possibilities of user-defined model calibrations. Their application for water resources management and climate studies from regional to global scale has been rapidly increasing, which makes it important to validate field scale ET in a complex crop assemblage before operational use. Based on in situ flux-tower measurements by the eddy-covariance (EC) system, this study tested three single-source energy balance models for estimating daily ET from fennel/maize/ryegrass-clover cropland rotations in a Mediterranean context in southern Italy. The sensitivity of three user-friendly ET models (SEBS, QWaterModel, and METRIC-EEFlux) with reference to the EC system over a center pivot irrigated cropland is discussed in detail. Results in terms of statistical indicators revealed that SEBS and METRIC-EEFlux showed reasonable agreements with measured ET (r2 = 0.59SEBS, RMSE = 0.71 mm day−1; r2 = 0.65METRIC, RMSE = 1.13 mm day−1) in terms of trends and magnitudes. At 30 m spatial resolution, both models were able to capture the in-field variations only during the maize development stage. The presence of spurious scan lines due to sensor defects in Landsat L7 ETM+ can contribute to the qualities of the METRIC-Efflux’s ET product. In our observation, the QWaterModel did not perform well and showed the weakest congruency (r2 = 0.08QWaterModel) with ground-based ET estimates. In a nutshell, the study evaluated these automated remote sensing-based ET estimations and suggested improvements in the context of a generic approach used in their underlying algorithm for robust ET retrievals in rotational cropland ecosystems.

First record of giant Beelzebub bee-eater Mallophora leschenaulti (Diptera: Asilidae) in Chile

In this note we report the presence of Beelzebub bee-eater fly Mallophora leschenaulti Macquart, 1938 (Diptera: Asilidae) from northern Chile. A female was collected from highland scrublands in Chapiquiña town, Arica y Parinacota region. In addition, two females are reported from Lluta valley near Peru border. This is the second Mallophora species registered in Chile, distributed in scrubland and cropland ecosystems. We discuss some native carpenter bees and bumblebees as potential preys