An internet of things belief rule base smart system to predict earthquake

<p><span>An intelligent belief rule base (BRB) based system with internet of things (IoT) integration can evaluate earthquake prediction (EP). This ingenious and rational system can predict earthquake by aggregating changed animal behavior combined with environmental and chemical changes which are taken as real time inputs from sensors. The BRB expert system blends knowledge demonstration criterion like attribute weight, rule weight, belief degree. The intelligent BRB system with IoT predicts the probable occurrence of the earthquake in a region based on the sign and symptoms culled by the persistent sensors. The final result taken from Intelligent BRB system with IoT integration is compared with expert and fuzzy-based system. The projected method gives a better prediction than the up-to-date expert system and fuzzy system</span></p>

BRB system stability considering frame out-of-plane loading and deformation zone

A simple and economical design approach is described for a BRB system, consisting of a BRB within a steel frame, subject to in-plane and out-of-plane seismic displacements. The approach avoids out-of-plane system or brace instability while allowing large frame out-of-plane deformations and desirable BRB axial performance. It also limits the compressive/tension force ratio. It is based on the simple concept that a brace will be stable with two moment-releases (hinges) but that an out-of-plane buckling mechanism may occur with more than two. The hinges are detailed as specified deformation zones (SDZs) at the brace ends. The hinges use a plate which can yield about its weak axis during out-of-plane movement. Simple methods to assess the stability of the brace itself (between hinges) are developed, an example is provided illustrating how the monotonic deformation demand of the simple plate hinge can be assessed, and detailing recommendations are made to restrict the deformation of the boundary elements at the brace ends.

Investigation of hybrid multi-core buckling-restrained brace components

<p>Contemporary seismic-resistant design of steel braced frames is based on dissipating seismic energy through significant inelastic axial deformation in brace components. Buckling-restrained braced (BRB) frames are a type of concentrically braced frame (CBF) characterised by braces that yield both in tension and in compression. These braces therefore exhibit superior cyclic performance compared with traditional CBFs. However, buckling-restrained braces commonly display a low post- yield stiffness, causing substantial interstory drifts and large residual drifts after seismic events. Moreover, yielding of the core is often only tied to a single performance objective, thus making its performance at other levels of seismicity largely unknown. One promising solution is the use of a hybrid BRB, where multiple cores made from different metals are connected in parallel to work together and complement each other. This research is geared towards first evaluating the potential of different combinations of core materials, followed by the design of a hybrid BRB system that can accommodate multiple core plates. Results show that the post-yield behaviour of hybrid BRBs is improved by employing a combination of 350WT carbon steel and another metal with low-yield and high strain-hardening behaviour, such as stainless steels, aluminium alloys, or other grades of carbon steels. Finally, a detailed overview of one hybrid BRB solution is proposed.</p>

An Effective Soft-Sensor Method Based on Belief-Rule-Base and Differential Evolution for Tipping Paper Permeability Measurement

The current paper presents a soft-sensor method based on belief-rule-base (BRB) system for solving the problem of tipping paper permeability measurement in the tobacco industry. Firstly, BRB is utilized to establish a model between the feature variables in the tipping paper image and the corresponding paper permeability obtained by the traditional measuring device. Unlike the traditional case of BRB, this paper adds the output attribute as the optimization parameters. In this way, the feasible solution space can be enlarged to obtain an effective BRB model. Second, in order to find the reasonable parameters of BRB in a complex nonconvex solution space, an enhanced differential evolutionary (DE) algorithm is developed to train BRB, which not only embeds a simplex method to stress the balance between the global and local search but also designs a perturbation operation and an adaptively selected mutation strategy to maintain the diversity of search direction. The test results and comparisons based on the data collected from a cigarette factory in China show that the presented method is effective and robust.

Circuit Tolerance Design Using Belief Rule Base

A belief rule-based (BRB) system provides a generic nonlinear modeling and inference mechanism. It is capable of modeling complex causal relationships by utilizing both quantitative information and qualitative knowledge. In this paper, a BRB system is firstly developed to model the highly nonlinear relationship between circuit component parameters and the performance of the circuit by utilizing available knowledge from circuit simulations and circuit designers. By using rule inference in the BRB system and clustering analysis, the acceptability regions of the component parameters can be separated from the value domains of the component parameters. Using the established nonlinear relationship represented by the BRB system, an optimization method is then proposed to seek the optimal feasibility region in the acceptability regions so that the volume of the tolerance region of the component parameters can be maximized. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through two typical numerical examples of the nonlinear performance functions with nonconvex and disconnected acceptability regions and high-dimensional input parameters and a real-world application in the parameter design of a track circuit for Chinese high-speed railway.

Experimental testing and design of BRB with bolted and pinned connections

The recent series of damaging earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand has encouraged greater recognition of the post-earthquake economic impacts on New Zealand society and higher emphasis on low-damage earthquake resisting systems. Braced frames incorporating Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) are seen as a significant contender for such a system. This research project focuses on the development of a reliable design procedure and detailing requirements for a generic BRB system. To gauge the performance of the designed system and to ascertain the reliability of the developed procedure, a series of static and dynamic sub-assemblage tests on the BRB frame with two different brace connection configurations were performed. The results are presented and discussed herein. The experimental tests generated stable and near symmetrical hysteresis loops, which is a principal characteristic of a well performing BRB system, albeit with the occurrence of slack in the connections. The experimental test results shows that several improvements need to be made to the proposed design procedure and detailing as outlined throughout the paper; especially the procedural modification to prevent slack from occurring in the two different connection systems. It is envisaged that applications will typically involve use of proprietary braces, however these need to be applied in accordance with the New Zealand design procedure; and determining the appropriate procedure was a key part of this project.

Thermal Behavior of Cylindrical Buckling Restrained Braces at Elevated Temperatures

The primary focus of this investigation was to analyze sequentially coupled nonlinear thermal stress, using a three-dimensional model. It was meant to shed light on the behavior of Buckling Restraint Brace (BRB) elements with circular cross section, at elevated temperature. Such bracing systems were comprised of a cylindrical steel core encased in a strong concrete-filled steel hollow casing. A debonding agent was rubbed on the core’s surface to avoid shear stress transition to the restraining system. The numerical model was verified by the analytical solutions developed by the other researchers. Performance of BRB system under seismic loading at ambient temperature has been well documented. However, its performance in case of fire has yet to be explored. This study showed that the failure of brace may be attributed to material strength reduction and high compressive forces, both due to temperature rise. Furthermore, limiting temperatures in the linear behavior of steel casing and concrete in BRB element for both numerical and analytical simulations were about 196°C and 225°C, respectively. Finally it is concluded that the performance of BRB at elevated temperatures was the same as that seen at room temperature; that is, the steel core yields prior to the restraining system.

Seismic testing and performance of buckling-restrained bracing systems

This paper describes a subassemblage seismic test program performed on six buckling-restrained braces (BRBs). Two different brace core segment lengths and two different buckling-restraining mechanisms were examined. The applied loading histories included a qualifying quasi-static cyclic test with stepwise incremental displacement amplitudes and a dynamically applied seismic loading. A test was also carried out on a conventional bracing member for comparison purposes. The concrete-filled tube specimens exhibited satisfactory performance under the quasi-static loading protocol, regardless of the length of the core segment. Strain hardening and frictional responses resulted in brace axial forces significantly exceeding the core yield capacity. The steel BRB system exhibited good performance under the quasi-static and dynamic loading sequences, provided that the clearance between the brace core and the buckling-restrained mechanism was kept to a minimum. The dynamic loading protocol was less severe for low-cycle fatigue than the quasi-static loading, but higher strain rates resulted in amplified yield resistance. The conventional bracing member withstood the entire quasi-static loading history but exhibited limited energy-dissipation capacity compared with the concrete-filled BRBs.Key words: concentrically braced steel frames, bracing members, buckling, energy dissipation, friction, yielding, fracture, seismic.