Review of Water Network Analysis and Validation of SCALER Hydraulic Simulator

The article intends to present the validation stage of a software to model and simulate hydraulic networks for water distribution, the SCALER, through its application to a real system, with many branches, with a model previously developed and verified using the EPANET software. SCALER was developed in 2020 and 2021 and, until then, had only been applied to networks with a relatively small number of branches. After discussing topics related to hydraulic modeling of distribution networks, techniques and applications, a brief review of the fundamentals of SCALER is carried out, passing on to its application to the case at hand, which is the Vila Joaniza community, in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Data from image, scheme and table are used to assist in the description of the local situation and respective distribution network, with the objective of assessing whether the nodal pressures obtained by SCALER are sufficiently similar to those obtained by EPANET, in order to ensure the proper functioning of the software. After this step, and the calculations have been made by the program, an operation screen, the generated graph of the local situation and a table with the comparison of absolute and percentage deviations between the nodal pressures resulting from the SCALER and those obtained with the EPANET are inserted, confirming that the deviation values are quite small, which validates SCALER as a software also applicable to networks with many branches.

Simulating cryogenic fracturing process with TOUGH-FEMM

<p>The dry hot rock (DHR) is a widely distributed renewable and clean energy. Cryogenic fracturing, such as liquid nitrogen fracturing technology, in DHR not only avoids the consuming of water, but also enhances the fracturing with the rock damage induced by thermal stress. During fracturing, cryogenic fluid (extremely low temperature) is utilized to trigger sharp a thermal gradient and fracturing surrounding boreholes, which generates fracture networks and increase the permeability of DHR. In this work, the TOUGH-FEMM simulator, which links the TOUGH2 thermal-hydraulic simulator and a mechanical simulator based on hybrid the finite-element meshfree method (FEMM), is developed to model three-dimensional cracking induced by cryogenic injection. The results of the numerical simulations agree with the experimental results showing that the fracture network is generated and connected to the borehole. An increased connectivity between a production borehole and the fracture network can significantly enhance fluid and hydro carbon production.</p>

INFLUÊNCIA DO CANHÃO FINAL NA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE PRESSÃO E VAZÃO DA LINHA LATERAL DE UM PIVÔ CENTRAL

INFLUÊNCIA DO CANHÃO FINAL NA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE PRESSÃO E VAZÃO DA LINHA LATERAL DE UM PIVÔ CENTRAL VICTOR BUONO DA SILVA BAPTISTA1; ALBERTO COLOMBO2; THIAGO HENRIQUE BURGARELLI TEIXEIRA3; PIETROS ANDRÉ BALBINO SANTOS4; ADRIANO VALENTIM DIOTTO5 E LESSANDRO COLL FARIA6 1 Professor Assistente, Departamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitario, s/n, Caixa Postal 3034, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil. Email: [email protected] 2 Professor Titular, Departamento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitario, s/n, Caixa Postal 3034, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil. Email: [email protected] 3 Doutorando, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitario, s/n, Caixa Postal 3034, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil. Email: [email protected] 4 Doutorando, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitario, s/n, Caixa Postal 3034, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil. Email: [email protected] 5 Professor Adjunto, Departamento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitario, s/n, Caixa Postal 3034, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil. Email: [email protected] 6 Professor Associado, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Gomes Carneiro, Centro, CEP 96010-610, Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Email: [email protected] 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência da presença do canhão final, com diferentes vazões, na distribuição de pressão e vazão da linha lateral de um sistema de irrigação do tipo pivô central utilizando o simulador hidráulico EPANET em comparação com um modelo analítico. Foram realizadas simulações de uma linha lateral do pivô central, localizado em Lavras/MG, com a inserção de um canhão final fictício de altas vazões. Houve também a diminuição do diâmetro da linha lateral, visando provocar maior perda de carga. Os resultados obtidos pelo EPANET foram comparados com resultados determinados a partir de um método analítico. Dessa forma, este estudo demonstrou a influência do acréscimo de vazão na distribuição de pressão da linha lateral do pivô central, devido à presença do canhão final. Os resultados também demonstraram a qualidade da simulação hidráulica do EPANET, que apresentou desvio relativo máximo de 1% em relação ao método analítico. Keywords: simulação hidráulica, distribuição de pressão, EPANET, modelagem. BAPTISTA, V. B. S.; COLOMBO, A.; TEIXEIRA, T. H. B.; SANTOS, P. A. B.; DIOTTO, A. V.; FARIA, L. C. INFLUENCE OF END GUN IN THE PRESSURE AND FLOW RATE DISTRIBUTION OF A CENTER PIVOT LATERAL LINES 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of the presence of the end gun, with different flow rates, on the pressure distribution and lateral line flow of a center pivot irrigation system using the EPANET hydraulic simulator compared to an analytical model. Simulations were performed on center pivot lateral line located in Lavras/MG. In the simulations was inserted an end gun operating under high flow. There was also decrease lateral line diameter aiming to cause greater head loss. The results obtained were compared with the use of EPANET parameters and with an analytical method. Thus, this study showed the influence from flow increase in the pressure distribution of the pivot lateral line, since there was an end gun in the end of the lateral. The results also demonstrated a satisfied estimative of EPANET's hydraulic theory. Keywords: hydraulic simulation, pressure distribution, EPANET, modeling.

Effects of Data Preparation on Leak Sensitivity Analysis

Determining the leak detection sensitivity for a particular system, or suggesting strategies to improve it are common challenges for leak detection professionals. As an alternative to statistical analysis, an empirical approach can be employed: use an offline hydraulic simulator to model the pipeline system, including all the inaccuracies due to the instruments and communication systems. Using such an approach the sensitivity can be inferred by running some scenarios representative of leak and non-leak conditions. Furthermore, not only can normal operating conditions be considered but also emergency and/or upset operating conditions can also be taken into account. Ecopetrol (the national Oil Company of Colombia) utilized this practical approach during the commissioning phase of a new pipeline allowing Ecopetrol to calculate the sensitivity prior to the commencement of operations. Analysis was also undertaken the results of which were recommendations on how to improve the system sensitivity. This paper describes the methodology; the construction of the hydraulic model; the assumptions made, and presents the final results. A discussion about the validity of the procedure and its generic application is also presented.

Inertance Estimation in a Lumped-Parameter Hydraulic Simulator of Human Circulation

Pulsatile mock loop systems are largely used to investigate the cardiovascular system in vitro. They consist of a pump, which replicates the heart, coupled with a lumped-parameter hydraulic afterload, which simulates vasculature. An accurate dimensioning of components is required for a reliable mimicking of the physiopathological behavior of the system. However, it is not possible to create a component for the afterload inertance, and inertance contributions are present in the entire circuit. Hence, in the literature, inertance is neglected or qualitatively evaluated. In this paper, we propose two quantitative methods (Maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) and Bayesian estimation) for estimating afterload inertance based on observed pressure and flow waveforms. These methods are also applied to a real mock loop system. Results show that the system has an inertance comparable with the literature reference value of the entire systemic circulation, and that the expected variations over inlet average flow and pulse frequency are in general confirmed. Comparing the methods, the Bayesian approach results in higher and more stable estimations than the classical MLE.

Robust optimization methodologies for water supply systems design

Water supply systems (WSSs) are vital infrastructures for the well-being of people today. To achieve good customer satisfaction the water supply service must always be able to meet people's needs, in terms of both quantity and quality. But unpredictable extreme conditions can cause severe damage to WSSs and lead to poorer levels of service or even to their failure. Operators dealing with a system's day-to-day operation know that events like burst water mains can compromise the functioning of all or part of a system. To increase a system's reliability, therefore, designs should take into account operating conditions other than normal ones. Recent approaches based on robust optimization can be used to solve optimization problems which involve uncertainty and can find designs which are able to cope with a range of operating conditions. This paper presents a robust optimization model for the optimal design of water supply systems operating under different circumstances. The model presented here uses a hydraulic simulator linked to an optimizer based on a simulated annealing heuristic. The results show that robustness can be included in several ways for varying levels reliability and that it leads to more reliable designs for only small cost increases.

Decision support system to divide a large network into suitable District Metered Areas

This paper presents a new approach to divide large Water Distribution Networks (WDN) into suitable District Metered Areas (DMAs). It uses a hydraulic simulator and two operational models to identify the optimal number of DMAs, their entry points and boundary valves, and the network reinforcement/replacement needs throughout the project plan. The first model divides the WDN into suitable DMAs based on graph theory concepts and some user-defined criteria. The second model uses a simulated annealing algorithm to identify the optimal number and location of entry points and boundary valves, and the pipes reinforcement/replacement, necessary to meet the velocity and pressure requirements. The objective function is the difference between the economic benefits in terms of water loss reduction (arising from the average pressure reduction) and the cost of implementing the DMAs. To illustrate the proposed methodology, the results from a hypothetical case study are presented and discussed.