CRESCIMENTO DA AGRICULTURA IRRIGADA POR PIVÔ CENTRAL NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO ALTO RIO DAS MORTES - MT

CRESCIMENTO DA AGRICULTURA IRRIGADA POR PIVÔ CENTRAL NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO ALTO RIO DAS MORTES - MT JUAN VICENTE LIENDRO MONCADA1; JEFFERSON VIEIRA JOSÉ2; JÉFFERSON DE OLIVEIRA COSTA3; CARLOS ALBERTO QUILOANGO-CHIMARRO4; NICLENE PONCE RODRIGUES DE OLIVEIRA5 E TONNY JOSÉ DE ARAÚJO DA SILVA6 1 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida dos Estudantes, 5055, Cidade Universitária, 78736-900, Rondonópolis, MT, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 Centro Multidisciplinar Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFA), Estrada do Canela Fina, Km 12, Colônia São Francisco, 69980-000, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 3 Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Avenida Pádua Dias, 235, Agronomia, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 4 Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Avenida Pádua Dias, 235, Agronomia, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 5 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida dos Estudantes, 5055, Cidade Universitária, 78736-900, Rondonópolis, MT, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 6 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida dos Estudantes, 5055, Cidade Universitária, 78736-900, Rondonópolis, MT, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 1 RESUMO O uso do solo e o seu tipo de cobertura tem sofrido modificações significativas nos últimos anos com o crescimento populacional e desenvolvimento da agricultura. Para obtenção de incrementos de produtividade agrícola uma das tecnologias mais empregadas no Brasil e no mundo é a irrigação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar o número de equipamentos e as áreas equipadas com pivôs centrais na bacia hidrográfica do Alto Rio das Mortes no Estado de Mato Grosso, utilizando imagens de satélite de média resolução espacial. A bacia hidrográfica do Rio das Mortes está localizada no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, a qual está inserida na bacia do Rio Araguaia-Tocantins. Foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Landsat e a plataforma do Google Earth Engine (GEE). Foram construídas camadas de Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e a partir desses dados procedeu-se a identificação e quantificação das áreas irrigadas por pivô central no local de estudo. Verificamos que a maior concentração de pivôs ocorre nas sub-bacias de Primavera do Leste (213 pivôs, 28 mil hectares) e Poxoréu (31 pivôs, 5 mil hectares). A bacia do Alto Rio das Mortes no ano de 2018 apresentava 271 pivôs centrais, ocupando uma área irrigada de aproximadamente 36,5 mil hectares. Keywords: geotecnologias, índice de vegetação, irrigação, sensoriamento remoto. MONCADA, J. V. L.; JOSÉ, J. V.; COSTA, J. O.; QUILOANGO-CHIMARRO, C. A.; OLIVEIRA, N. P. R.; SILVA, T. J. A. INCREASE IN CENTER PIVOT-IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN THE RIO DAS MORTES-MT RIVER BASIN 2 ABSTRACT Land use and land cover have changed significantly in recent years with population growth and the development of agriculture. To obtain increases in agricultural productivity, one of the most used technologies in Brazil and around the world is irrigation. This research identified the amount of equipment and areas equipped by center pivots in the Rio das Mortes River basin in the State of Mato Grosso, using satellite images of medium spatial resolution. The Rio das Mortes River basin is located in center-western Brazil, which is inserted in the Araguaia-Tocantins River basin. Landsat satellite images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform were used. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) layers were constructed, and then the identification and quantification of the areas irrigated by center pivot in the study area were performed. The highest concentration of pivots in the Rio das Mortes River basin is in the sub-basins of Primavera do Leste (213 pivots, 28 thousand hectares) and Poxoréu (31 pivots, 5 thousand hectares). The Rio das Mortes River basin in 2018 had 271 center pivots, occupying an irrigated area of approximately 36.5 thousand hectares. Keywords: geotechnologies, vegetation index, irrigation, remote sensing.

Center Pivot Irrigation Systems and Where to Find Them: A Deep Learning Approach to Provide Inputs to Hydrologic and Economic Models

Availability and quality of administrative data on irrigation technology varies greatly across jurisdictions. Technology choice, however, will influence the parameters of coupled human-hydrological systems. Equally, changing parameters in the coupled system may drive technology adoption. Here we develop and demonstrate a deep learning approach to locate a particularly important irrigation technology—center pivot irrigation systems—throughout the Ogallala Aquifer. The model does not rely on super computers and thus provides a model for an accessible baseline to train and deploy on other geographies. We further demonstrate that accounting for the technology can improve the insights in both economic and hydrological models.

A Framework to Automatic Detect Center Pivots Using Land Use and Land Cover Data

Water management is a key field to support life and economic activity nowadays. The greatly increased mechanization of agriculture, mainly through center pivot irrigation systems, represents a big challenge to control this resource. Irrigated agriculture makes up the large majority of consumptive water use, therefore it is important to identify and quantify these systems. Currently, with 6.95x10⁶ ha, Brazil is among the 10 largest countries in irrigation areas in the world. In this study, a combined Computer Vision and Machine Learning approach is proposed for the identification of center pivots in remote sensing images. The methodology is based on Circular Hough Transform (CHT) and Balanced Random Forest (BRF) classifier using vegetation indices NDVI/SAVI generated from Landsat 8 images and Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data provided by project MapBiomas. The candidate's circles of pivots identified on images are filtered based on vegetation behavior and shape characteristics of these areas. Our approach was able to detect 7358 pivots, reaching 83.86% of Recall for 52 scenes analyzed overall Brazil compared with mapping done by the Brazilian National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA). In some scenes, the Recall reaches up to 100%.

Determining Threshold Values for a Crop Water Stress Index-Based Center Pivot Irrigation with Optimum Grain Yield

The temperature-based crop water stress index (CWSI) can accurately reflect the extent of crop water deficit. As an ideal carrier of onboard thermometers to monitor canopy temperature (Tc), center pivot irrigation systems (CPIS) have been widely used in precision irrigation. However, the determination of reliable CWSI thresholds for initiating the CPIS is still a challenge for a winter wheat–summer maize cropping system in the North China Plain (NCP). To address this problem, field experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of CWSI thresholds on grain yield (GY) and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat and summer maize in the NCP. The results show that positive linear functions were fitted to the relationships between CWSI and canopy minus air temperature (Tc − Ta) (r2 > 0.695), and between crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and Tc (r2 > 0.548) for both crops. To make analysis comparable, GY and WUE data were normalized to a range of 0.0 to 1.0, corresponding the range of CWSI. With the increase in CWSI, a positive linear relationship was observed for WUE (r2 = 0.873), while a significant inverse relationship was found for the GY (r2 = 0.915) of winter wheat. Quadratic functions were fitted for both the GY (r2 = 0.856) and WUE (r2 = 0.629) of summer maize. By solving the cross values of the two GY and WUE functions for each crop, CWSI thresholds were proposed as being 0.252 for winter wheat, and 0.229 for summer maize, corresponding to a Tc − Ta threshold value of 0.925 and 0.498 °C, respectively. We conclude that farmers can achieve the dual goals of high GY and high WUE using the optimal thresholds proposed for a winter wheat–summer maize cropping system in the NCP.

A Comparative Study of Standard Center Pivot and Growers-Based Modified Center Pivot for Evaluating Uniformity Coefficient and Water Distribution

The center pivot irrigation system is a type of irrigation technology used to apply water effectively and uniformly over a wide variety of areas and topographies. These irrigation systems’ uniformity of water application greatly affects water use, energy consumption, and crop production. Performance tests of the standard lateral galvanized and modified polyethylene plastic pipes in the center pivot irrigation systems were conducted in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Water distribution depths along the laterals, coefficient of uniformity (CU), and distribution uniformity of the low quarter (DU) were determined. The results revealed that profiles of water distribution ranged from 4 to 14 mm for the standard-center pivot irrigation systems, while those for the modified-center pivot irrigation systems ranged from 6.5 to 50 mm. Standard-center pivot irrigation systems’ CU values ranged from 74 to 90%, with an average of 86%. In comparison, the modified-center pivot irrigation systems’ CU values ranged from 62 to 83%, with an average of 78%. The DU values ranged from 60 to 82% for the standard-center pivot irrigation systems, with an overall average of 77%. For the modified-center pivot irrigation systems, the DU values, in contrast, ranged from 31 to 75%, with an average of 65%. Thus, the accuracy and uniformity of the standard-center pivot irrigation systems are superior to those that have been modified. Additionally, a statistical model was developed to investigate the relationship between the water losses and the main climatic factors under field operating conditions. Therefore, the study results are expected to draw attention to standard lateral pipes’ value on the one hand and demonstrate the detrimental consequences of growers’ incorrect practices in pivot irrigation systems, motivating them to take strong action against these activities, on the other hand.

Mapping Center Pivot Irrigation Fields in South Carolina with Google Earth Engine and the National Agricultural Imagery Program

Aerial images taken during the growing seasons of 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 were visually inspected for evidence of irrigation. Center pivot irrigation was identified by the characteristic shape of the spans and the curved tracks left by the wheels. The author manually delineated a polygon over each agricultural area where signs of irrigation infrastructure were observed. The result is a map of 2,689 polygons covering 146,662 acres in South Carolina. Compared with the United States Department of Agriculture 2017 Census of Agriculture, the sampling results account for over 69% of total irrigated area and over 98% of area irrigated solely by center pivots. Most center pivots covered from 25 to 75 acres, while the largest center pivot extended over 300 acres. These results are an important contribution to the quantification of water use in South Carolina.