Combined effect of ‘biodiesel, ethanol, exhaust gas recirculation and magnetization of fuel’ on the performance and emission parameters of diesel engine.

Utilization of biodiesel as alternative fuel results in higher emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and reduced performance parameters. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a great technology to control the emission of NOx, but use of EGR reduces the performance parameters of diesel engines. Oxidative addition and magnetization of fuel help to make the combustion complete. In the present investigation, Jatropha biodiesel has been used with diesel in the form of a blend having 20% biodiesel (BD20) as fuel in 4-stroke, direct ignition, diesel engine. 5% Ethanol (E5) has been used as additive along with biodiesel blends and 10% EGR. The magnetization of fuel (MF) has been done with the help of a permanent magnet having strength of 3000 gauss. The results of this investigation show that BD20 is beneficial as fuel for reducing emissions like Carbon Mono-oxide, Hydro-Carbon, and smoke but it reduces Brake Power and Brake Thermal Efficiency. BD20E5 gives better performance parameters than the BD20, but the emission of HC increases slightly. 10% EGR reduces NOx emission with a small cost of performance parameters but with MF performance and emission parameters were improved.

Identification of overpressures resulting from undercompaction and hydrocarbon generation in shale dominated settings using well log data

Based on the concepts of organic geochemistry and well log characteristics, we discuss the differences between undercompaction overpressure (UCOP) and hydro-carbon-generating pressurization (HGP) from well logs in the Chang 7 Shale, Ordos Basin. The results revealed that shales have better hydrocarbon generation potential than mudstones. We found the UCOP is characterized by significant changes of acoustic traveltime (AC), compensation neutron (CNL), density (DEN) and resistivity (RT) on the well logs. Whereas the HGP causes obvious changes in the AC and RT logs, minor deviations are generally revealed in the CNL and DEN logs. Further stud-ies revealed that while UCOP occurs primarily in thick shale layers of the sedimentary center, HGP is predominant in the thin shales of the sedimentary edge. The reason for the above difference may be attributed to the ubiquity of the shales associated with HGP, with the variation in Well logs caused by the HGP concealed by the abnormal variation of UCOP. These findings thus revealed the distribution and well log features of abnormal overpressure for the different generating mechanisms, thus providing significant guidance for further exploration and development of the overpressured formations.

INVOLVEMENT OF RESIDUAL GAS OF MEMBRANE HYDROGEN SEPARATION UNIT IN RAW OF STEAM CONVERSION

For a more qualified use of the residual gas formed during the separation of hydro gen from a hydrogen-containing gas, a scheme was proposed for its processing together with hydro carbon gases (HCG) in the process of steam conversion. At the same time, it became possible to re pair the HCG pipeline without stopping production, was reached HCG savings and received additional amount of hydrogen, the products (split gas) corresponded to standards.

Metabolic activity of hydro-carbon-oxo-borate on a multispecies subgingival periodontal biofilm: a short communication

Objective This study evaluated the metabolic activity of hydro-carbon-oxo-borate complex (HCOBc) on a multispecies subgingival biofilm as well as its effects on cytotoxicity. Materials and methods The subgingival biofilm with 32 species related to periodontitis was formed in the Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) for 7 days. Two different therapeutic schemes were adopted: (1) treatment with HCOBc, 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), and negative control group (without treatment) from day 3 until day 6, two times a day for 1 min each time, totaling 8 treatments and (2) a 24-h treatment on a biofilm grown for 6 days. After 7 days of formation, biofilm metabolic activity was determined by colorimetry assay, and bacterial counts and proportions of complexes were determined by DNA-DNA hybridization. Both substances’ cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell viability (XTT assay) and clonogenic survival assay on ovary epithelial CHO-K1 cells and an osteoblast precursor from calvaria MC3T3-E1 cells. Results The first treatment scheme resulted in a significant reduction in biofilm’s metabolic activity by means of 77% by HCOBc and CHX treatments versus negative control. The total count of 11 and 25 species were decreased by treatment with hydro-carbon-oxo-borate complex and CHX, respectively, compared with the group without treatment (p < 0.05), highlighting a reduction in the levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium periodontium. CHX significantly reduced the count of 10 microorganisms compared to the group treated with HCOBc (p < 0.05). HCOBc and CHX significantly decreased the pathogenic red-complex proportion compared with control-treated biofilm, and HCOBc had even a more significant effect on the red complex than CHX had (p ≤ 0.05). For the second treatment scheme, HCOBc complex and CHX significantly decreased 61 and 72% of control biofilms’ metabolic activity and the counts of 27 and 26 species, respectively. HCOBc complex did not significantly affect the proportions of formed biofilms, while CHX significantly reduced red, orange, and yellow complexes. Both substances exhibited similar cytotoxicity results. Conclusions This short communication suggested that the HCOBc complex reduced a smaller number of bacterial species when compared to chlorhexidine during subgingival biofilm formation, but it was better than chlorhexidine in reducing red-complex bacterial proportions. Although HCOBc reduced the mature 6-day-old subgingival multispecies biofilms, it did not modify bacterial complexes’ ratios as chlorhexidine did on the biofilms mentioned above. Future in vivo studies are needed to validate these results. Clinical relevance HCOBc complex could be used to reduce red-complex periodontal bacterial proportions.

How to prevent damages of transporting pipeline girth welds?

Girth welds of hydro-carbon transporting pipelines play important role of the life and the lifetime, during both the construction and the operation. In consideration of the huge number of girth welds, the highlighted attention to those is worthy and necessary. The aims of the article are twofold: on the one hand, collecting the influencing factors on the failures of girth welds; on the other hand, answering the question assumed in the title of the article: how to prevent damages of transporting pipeline girth welds? The answers build upon the demonstrated influencing factors, using examples, and systematically respond to those.

The Development of New Methods of Disposal of Processing Sulfur Wastes from a Hydro-carbon Feedstock to various Sulfur Derivatives

The tendency to reduce the content of sulfur compounds in particular H2S and low molecular thiols (RSH) in oil products sets the task of their extraction and disposal in order to obtain practically useful sulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide and thiols can be extracted from hydrocarbon fractions using N-methylpyrrolidone-as selective solvent. Hydrogen sulfide can be extracted from the residual oil products using a low energy exposure such as ultrasound and a constant magnetic field. The releasing gas is concentrated in N-methylpyrrolidone. Further, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans can be used in the chemical synthesis of biologically active thioethers containing a catechol fragment. Another way of H2S and RSH utilization is the chemical adsorption of acidic components by modified polynuclear pivalate (acetate) zinc(II) silica gel. As a result of the interaction of complexes with H2S and RSH, it is possible to obtain zinc sulfide or zinc thiolates, which can be used in various fields of industry or agriculture. Hydrogen sulfide and thiols can also be applied in the electrochemical or microvaved assisted organic synthesis. This approach is promising from the standpoint of environmental safety of synthesis and low energy costs of the reactions. The SH-functionalization of hydrocarbons (indan, indene, decalin, tetralin, naphthalene and 1,2-dihydronaphthalene) leads to obtain biologically active compounds. Keywords: hydrogen sulfide, thiols, extraction, N-methylpyrrolidone, ultrasonic and magnetic treatment, microwave, redox activation

Application of Infrared Spectrometry in Studying Fuels and Biofules for Aircraft Turbine Engines

The research paper presents hydrocarbon biocomponents approved for use in aircraft turbine engines. The properties of these biocomponents are governed by ASTM D 7566 standard. One of the new issues regarding the utilization of fuels for aircraft turbine engines is the identification of non-petroleum elements, including hydrocarbon biocom-ponents. This article proposes applying infrared spectrometry as a technique for in-strumental analysis, which enables quick and qualitative identification of a used hydro-carbon biocomponent. Differences in the infrared spectrum between the mineral fuel and used fuel biocomponent were indicated based on the conducted preliminary tests.

Simulating cryogenic fracturing process with TOUGH-FEMM

&lt;p&gt;The dry hot rock (DHR) is a widely distributed renewable and clean energy. Cryogenic fracturing, such as liquid nitrogen fracturing technology, in DHR not only avoids the consuming of water, but also enhances the fracturing with the rock damage induced by thermal stress. During fracturing, cryogenic fluid (extremely low temperature) is utilized to trigger sharp a thermal gradient and fracturing surrounding boreholes, which generates fracture networks and increase the permeability of DHR. In this work, the TOUGH-FEMM simulator, which links the TOUGH2 thermal-hydraulic simulator and a mechanical simulator based on hybrid the finite-element meshfree method (FEMM), is developed to model three-dimensional cracking induced by cryogenic injection. The results of the numerical simulations agree with the experimental results showing that the fracture network is generated and connected to the borehole. An increased connectivity between a production borehole and the fracture network can significantly enhance fluid and hydro carbon production.&lt;/p&gt;

Facile diamond synthesis from lower diamondoids

Carbon-based nanomaterials have exceptional properties that make them attractive for a variety of technological applications. Here, we report on the use of diamondoids (diamond-like, saturated hydrocarbons) as promising precursors for laser-induced high-pressure, high-temperature diamond synthesis. The lowest pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions that yielded diamond were 12 GPa (at ~2000 K) and 900 K (at ~20 GPa), respectively. This represents a substantially reduced transformation barrier compared with diamond synthesis from conventional (hydro)carbon allotropes, owing to the similarities in the structure and full sp3 hybridization of diamondoids and bulk diamond. At 20 GPa, diamondoid-to-diamond conversion occurs rapidly within <19 μs. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that once dehydrogenated, the remaining diamondoid carbon cages reconstruct themselves into diamond-like structures at high P-T. This study is the first successful mapping of the P-T conditions and onset timing of the diamondoid-to-diamond conversion and elucidates the physical and chemical factors that facilitate diamond synthesis.