Ebf Activates Expression of a Cholinergic Locus in a Multipolar Motor Ganglion Interneuron Subtype in Ciona

Conserved transcription factors termed “terminal selectors” regulate neuronal sub-type specification and differentiation through combinatorial transcriptional regulation of terminal differentiation genes. The unique combinations of terminal differentiation gene products in turn contribute to the functional identities of each neuron. One well-characterized terminal selector is COE (Collier/Olf/Ebf), which has been shown to activate cholinergic gene batteries in C. elegans motor neurons. However, its functions in other metazoans, particularly chordates, is less clear. Here we show that the sole COE ortholog in the non-vertebrate chordate Ciona robusta, Ebf, controls the expression of the cholinergic locus VAChT/ChAT in a single dorsal interneuron of the larval Motor Ganglion, which is presumed to be homologous to the vertebrate spinal cord. We propose that, while the function of Ebf as a regulator of cholinergic neuron identity conserved across bilaterians, its exact role may have diverged in different cholinergic neuron subtypes (e.g., interneurons vs. motor neurons) in chordate-specific motor circuits.

Redefining the Vernacular in the Hybrid Architecture of Malaysia

<p>The objective of the thesis is to view the presence of vernacular architecture as a strong sub current of modern praxis in Malaysia. Vernacular architecture has played a pivotal role in shaping architecture and in defining perceptions of modernity. It is the vernacular interaction and negotiation with regional and global influences that has generated the complex and hybrid nature of Malaysian architecture. The notion of the ‘vernacular’ has a negative and pejorative connotation and is commonly described as simplistic, unrefined and undeveloped. Contrary to that, the thesis reveals the complex cultural, social, intellectual and functional identities of Malaysian vernacular structures. The term ‘vernacular’ is constantly evolving and is not limited to the past but lives on in contemporary architecture. The thesis suggests that the presence of vernacular concepts do not dissipate as a result of hybrid interactions between different cultures but rather evolve during this creative process. Significant events that transpire throughout the history of the country play a crucial role in shaping and altering vernacular architecture. Colonisation and migration contribute to the complex architectural identity of Malaysia as diverse cultural influences are introduced and imposed onto native traditions. Change is inevitable in a living society. However, change can be seen as either disruptive or as part of a continuum. Through critical comparisons and case studies, the thesis argues that the vernacular is continually evolving as a product of cultural regeneration. It is from the parallels drawn between the vernacular and architecture introduced by foreigners that allow for the comprehension of these new building types as well as the acceptance of alternate lifestyle.</p>

Redefining the Vernacular in the Hybrid Architecture of Malaysia

<p>The objective of the thesis is to view the presence of vernacular architecture as a strong sub current of modern praxis in Malaysia. Vernacular architecture has played a pivotal role in shaping architecture and in defining perceptions of modernity. It is the vernacular interaction and negotiation with regional and global influences that has generated the complex and hybrid nature of Malaysian architecture. The notion of the ‘vernacular’ has a negative and pejorative connotation and is commonly described as simplistic, unrefined and undeveloped. Contrary to that, the thesis reveals the complex cultural, social, intellectual and functional identities of Malaysian vernacular structures. The term ‘vernacular’ is constantly evolving and is not limited to the past but lives on in contemporary architecture. The thesis suggests that the presence of vernacular concepts do not dissipate as a result of hybrid interactions between different cultures but rather evolve during this creative process. Significant events that transpire throughout the history of the country play a crucial role in shaping and altering vernacular architecture. Colonisation and migration contribute to the complex architectural identity of Malaysia as diverse cultural influences are introduced and imposed onto native traditions. Change is inevitable in a living society. However, change can be seen as either disruptive or as part of a continuum. Through critical comparisons and case studies, the thesis argues that the vernacular is continually evolving as a product of cultural regeneration. It is from the parallels drawn between the vernacular and architecture introduced by foreigners that allow for the comprehension of these new building types as well as the acceptance of alternate lifestyle.</p>

A characterization of $ b- $generalized derivations on prime rings with involution

<abstract><p>In this note, we characterize $ b- $generalized derivations which are strong commutative preserving (SCP) on $ \mathscr{R} $. Moreover, we also discuss and characterize $ b- $generalized derivations involving certain $ \ast- $differential/functional identities on rings possessing involution.</p></abstract>

Identities related to generalized derivations and jordan (*,*)-derivations

The main purpose of this research is to characterize generalized (left) derivations and Jordan (*,*)-derivations on Banach algebras and rings using some functional identities. Let A be a unital semiprime Banach algebra and let F,G : A ? A be linear mappings satisfying F(x) =-x2G(x-1) for all x ? Inv(A), where Inv(A) denotes the set of all invertible elements of A. Then both F and G are generalized derivations on A. Another result in this regard is as follows. Let A be a unital semiprime algebra and let n > 1 be an integer. Let f,g : A ? A be linear mappings satisfying f (an) = nan-1g(a) = ng(a)an-1 for all a ? A. If g(e) ? Z(A), then f and g are generalized derivations associated with the same derivation on A. In particular, if A is a unital semisimple Banach algebra, then both f and 1 are continuous linear mappings. Moreover, we define a (*,*)-ring and a Jordan (*,*)-derivation. A characterization of Jordan (*,*)-derivations is presented as follows. Let R be an n!-torsion free (*,*)-ring, let n > 1 be an integer and let d : R ? R be an additive mapping satisfying d(an) = ?nj =1 a*n-jd(a)a* j-1 for all a ? R. Then d is a Jordan (*,*)-derivation on R. Some other functional identities are also investigated.

Linear and multilinear functional identities in a prime ring with applications

This paper approaches some universal-algebraic properties of the two kinds of multilinear functions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in a prime ring [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] are variable elements, [Formula: see text]. We shall demonstrate an algebraic procedure of deriving necessary and sufficient conditions for the two multilinear functional identities [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] to hold for all [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. Subsequently, we use these multilinear functional identities to describe the invariance properties of the products [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] with respect to the eight commonly-used types of generalized inverses of two MP-invertible elements [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in a prime ring [Formula: see text] with an identity element 1 and ∗-involution.

Phosphoregulation provides specificity to biomolecular condensates in the cell cycle and cell polarity

Biomolecular condensation is a way of organizing cytosol in which proteins and nucleic acids coassemble into compartments. In the multinucleate filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii, the RNA-binding protein Whi3 regulates the cell cycle and cell polarity through forming macromolecular structures that behave like condensates. Whi3 has distinct spatial localizations and mRNA targets, making it a powerful model for how, when, and where specific identities are established for condensates. We identified residues on Whi3 that are differentially phosphorylated under specific conditions and generated mutants that ablate this regulation. This yielded separation of function alleles that were functional for either cell polarity or nuclear cycling but not both. This study shows that phosphorylation of individual residues on molecules in biomolecular condensates can provide specificity that gives rise to distinct functional identities in the same cell.

Functional Identities and Zero Lie Product Determined Banach Algebras

Three problems connecting functional identities to the recently introduced notion of a zero Lie product determined Banach algebra are discussed. The first one concerns commuting linear maps, the second one concerns derivations that preserve commutativity and the third one concerns bijective commutativity preserving linear maps.

Functional identities on upper triangular matrix rings

Let R be a subset of a unital ring Q such that 0 ∈ R. Let us fix an element t ∈ Q. If R is a (t; d)-free subset of Q, then Tn(R) is a (t′; d)-free subset of Tn(Q), where t′ ∈ Tn(Q), $\begin{array}{} t_{ll}' \end{array} $ = t, l = 1, 2, …, n, for any n ∈ N.