Price Markups and Upstreamness in World Input-Output Data

This research uses the publicly available World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to investigate the relationship between an industry’s markup and its upstreamness, the industry’s position in the vertical chain of production; the research also identifies common attributes among high-markup industrial sectors: higher-markup industries display a higher level of capital compensation and a lower share of labour and other inputs in the value of output. Finally, it is found that upstream industries, those producing mostly raw materials and intermediate products enjoy higher market power than their downstream counterparts. This result could be among the first in the literature to find evidence of double marginalization at an industry level of aggregation. It also suggests that virtually all final product prices may incorporate substantial markups through their inputs.

Excellent Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Dye using Low Cost Chemical Route Grown Highly Luminescent SnO2 Decorated Polystyrene Nanocomposites

Irrational use of dye is a challenge for our environment specifically for clean water. Highly luminescent SnO2 decorated Polystyrene nanocomposites developed as an effective solution for it. The low cost chemical synthesis of highly luminescent tin oxide decorated Polystyrene (SnO2-PS) polymer nanocomposites using recyclable expended polystyrene waste has been reported. Sol gel grown tin oxide nanoparticles, thoroughly dissolved in dissolved in toluene were used with recyclable expended polystyrene waste. The composites were grown either on glass substrates or developed as flexible self sustaining layers and characterized by optical, structural & morphological characterizations. X ray diffractograms of SnO2-PS polymer nanocomposites exhibit crystalline behavior with tetragonal structure of SnO2. Accumulation of SnO2 particles on the surface with increasing concentration, in the form of spherical structures is observed in AFM micrographs. Hollow vertical chain like growth is also observed. Absorption edge shift towards higher wavelength results in decrease in band gap with increasing concentration. The Photoluminescence (PL) spectra for higher SnO2 shows a significant peak peaks in visible spectra at about 425 nm. SnO2 decorated Polystyrene nanocomposites synthesized using recyclable expended polystyrene waste opens a new scope in flexible optoelectronic applications with visible region photoluminescence.

“Making Do” with Soft Authoritarianism in Pre-Genocide Rwanda

The article looks at Rwandans’ engagement with authoritarianism prior to the 1994 genocide and, more broadly, at life under “soft authoritarian” settings. It argues that Rwandans did not experience state-society relations under pre-genocide regimes as a vertical chain of authority, as is often contended. Instead, they spoke of a felt gap between national and local levels. Engagement with authority was predominantly local and experienced in an ambiguous, yet functional manner rather than simply as coercion. It was also experienced in a more varied manner than is often presumed. Indeed, local experiences of authority were commonly about “making do” with authoritarianism. This should lead scholars to question common frames of authoritarian verticality and the obedience/compliance which authoritarianism is presumed to foster. It should also lead scholars to question simple frames of resistance often proposed when studying authoritarian state-society relations.

Crack initiation characteristics of ring chain of heavy-duty scraper conveyor under time-varying loads

Crack initiation characteristics of ring chain of heavy-duty scraper conveyor under time-varying loads were investigated in this study. The dynamic tension of ring chain of the heavy-duty scraper conveyor was obtained using the time-varying dynamic analysis. Finite element analyses of three-dimensional contacts between adjacent chain rings at straight and bending segments were carried out to explore three-dimensional stress distributions of chain rings. The crack initiation life of chain ring was predicted employing the multiaxial fatigue theory. The results show that the ring chain is subjected to time-varying dynamic tensions during operation. During tension-tension contact fatigue, as compared to the straight segment of ring chain, the bending segment engaging in the sprocket presents an overall lower (or higher) equivalent stress distribution in the case of flat (or vertical) chain ring, respectively. Maximum equivalent stresses at the contact regions of adjacent chain rings both present time-varying dynamic characteristics similar to evolutions of dynamic tension. During tension-torsion contact fatigue, an increase in torsion angle level causes unobvious difference between equivalent stress distributions at contact regions of adjacent rings. Predicted crack initiation lives of chain rings during tension-tension contact fatigue indicates more severe fatigue damages of the vertical chain ring at the straight segment and of the flat chain ring at the right bending segment.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE IN AN ENTERPRISE

Each organization, regardless on the type of activity that carries and the size that have, should have a separate organizational structure in order to function. To achieve the goals and objectives, works within the organization should be coordinated and managed. The success of any organization is associated with its leadership and its organizational structure is responsibility effective. Managers are people who organize and determine the ways of performing tasks in context the organization. They realize their mission by defining the display of organizational structure. Only organizational structure that is well defined is the guarantee for the realization of organizational goals. Enterprises that fail to build organizational structure, fail to efficiently distribute authority and responsibility among their employees and as a result fail to react quickly to changes in the surrounding environment. Therefore the study of the organizational structure has a current and practical value to the organization. Different definitions regarding the definition of the organizational structure are above all the time in which the enterprises operated and the conditions in which they function. The first historical beginnings of scientific interest in the structure of the organization begin with the members of the classical theory of organization, in which the subject of research was the formal aspect of the organization. These authors define the organizational structure of the enterprise as a static variable that changes very slowly. The main reason for such a definition, according to these authors comes due to the environmental characteristic. The environment according to them is characterized by stability. There have been no changes in the environment, but if they happen they are of poor intensity and the enterprise without any great effort can adapt to that environment. The main objective of this paper is to clarify the effect of organizational structure on the effectiveness of the organization's managers, respectively in the performance of businesses. Achieving this goal for the realization of the paper is done through the collection of primary data produced through a survey done, as the primary method of data collection. The objective of the questionnaire has been receiving information about the design of the organizational structure at the corporate level and at the business unit level and level of relational of structure with managerial success. The literature on organizational structure has widely studied how organizational structure influences the behavior of members of the organization. However, there is very little empirical data on the issues of organizational structure and its influence channels in the organization. There are two intuitive alternatives: on the one hand, the vertical chain of control gives the main differentiated effect. On the other hand, it is the degree of specialization of the members that matters most. The vertical zipper is linked and determines the level of 'bureaucracy' within the organization. A vertical structure creates a chain of command associated with the lower business units through a series of intermediate layers that takes care of executing HQ directives at a disaggregated level.

Improving the Partnership between the Participants in the Vertical Chain of the Construction Market

On the construction market the participants tend to work in the short term and are limited rational using the accumulated knowledge and experience in their practice. In addition, it is characterized by a low level of inter-company connections, i.e. the same team seldom works together more than one project, resulting in a fragmentation of responsibility. The complex relationships between the firms involved in the vertical chain of value creation in construction objectively impose the need for their improvement and more efficient management. The aim of the study is the analysis the possibilities of creating a relatively stable relationship and a joint approach of clients, contractors and subcontractors by deepening the specialization and differentiation of each intermediate product, improving the quality of the final product, optimizing the costs, creating a higher additional value at each stage of the chain and ensuring economic, social and environmental performance of construction.

Vertical Connections on the Construction Market

The specificity of construction as an economic activity and of the construction product (goods and services) determine the existence of a complex vertical chain of links, involving different actors, which they perform simultaneously the function of the buyer of the product from a previous participant and vendor product to the next participant. In practice, this means that in every unit of the vertical chain construction firm as a buyer of resources and services can be monopsony or oligopsony, on the other hand as the seller of the created product may be in the role of a monopoly or oligopoly on the market. The aim of the study is the analysis the model of a bilateral monopoly on the resource and product market, the conditions of equilibrium and the behavior of the construction firm at the entrance and the exit, taking into account the specificities of different segments of the construction market.

Blockbuster Video

Considers why Blockbuster has a competitive advantage in video retailing. Details both Blockbuster's use of revenue sharing contracts with movie studios to coordinate the vertical chain and Blockbuster's “Go Home Happy” marketing campaign. Challenges readers to understand how revenue sharing contracts, which are imitable and sometimes used by Blockbuster's competitors, can nevertheless be a key part of Blockbuster's advantage.