Full-Scale Experimental Verification of the Explosion Shock Wave Model of a Natural Gas Pipeline

As developments in natural gas pipelines increasingly incorporate higher grades of steel, larger diameters, and higher pressures, the consequences of an accident caused by leakage, explosion, or ignition become progressively more severe. Currently, major technical obstacles include the quantification of the impact of an explosion shock wave of a high-strength, large-diameter natural gas pipeline, and the selection of a reasonable shock wave overpressure model appropriate to the operating conditions. In this paper, six models of shock wave overpressure theories, namely, the TNT equivalent method, the TNO method, the multienergy method, the British Gas method, the Shell method, and the Lee formula, were compared and analyzed to determine their applicability. A shock wave model adapted to the characteristics of a full-scale test was proposed, and the model verification of a full-scale blasting test was conducted on pipelines with diameters of 1422 mm and 1219 mm, respectively. Subsequent results indicated that the modifications to the TNT equivalent and the test parameters correlated with changes in the suitability of the model. Henrych’s formula calculation model of the British Gas method was found to correspond strongly with the measured value, in which the absolute value of the relative error was less than 30% and the absolute error within the range of 78 m to 800 m was no more than 0.05 MPa. Thus, the Henrych formula was adopted as the primary model formula for the shock wave overpressure calculations in this study. To further correct the error of the model, the trend between the curve obtained by the Henrych formula and the fitting curve of the measured value was compared and analyzed. The positive and negative compensations of the shaded area before and after the intersection point were carried out, and the new error correction overpressure model formula was obtained by fitting, with the error controlled within 15%.

Shock-wave model of the earthquake and Poincaré quantum theorem give an insight into the aftershock physics.

A fundamentally new model of aftershocks evident from the shock-wave model of the earthquake and Poincaré Recurrence Theorem [H. Poincare, Acta Mathematica 13, 1 (1890)] is proposed here. The authors (Recurrences in an isolated quantum many-body system, Science 2018) argue that the theorem should be formulated as “Complex systems return almost exactly into their initial state”. For the first time, this recurrence theorem has been demonstrated with complex quantum multi-particle systems. Our shock-wave model of an earthquake proceeds from the quantum entanglement of protons in hydrogen bonds of lithosphere material. Clearly aftershocks are quantum phenomena which mechanism follows the recurrence theorem.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF INFORMATION WARS AS A FACTOR OF THE COUNTRY ECONOMIC DESTABILIZATION

The consequences of the fourth industrial revolution led to the introduction of robust cyber-physical systems and modern software in various fields of life activity. But their prevalence and availability have caused the growth of cybercrime in the world and the emergence of information wars, initiated by different countries. As a result, it leads to the destabilization of the country's economic, political, and social sectors, and impedes its development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the leading indicators and consequences typical for information wars, as well as to develop an approach to modeling the spread of their results as factors of country economic destabilization, in the form of a bursting of the "information bubble" - the Sedov-Taylor shock wave model. The article analyzed several critical indicators, the factual data of which made it possible to imagine that there is a constant increase in the number of information wars that are carried out by one country against others. It is manifested by the rise in the number of hacker cyberattacks aimed at various areas of activity, the empowerment of cybercriminals, the emergence of the government political motivation to carry out information propaganda, and cyber espionage. The paper also analyzes the main financial consequences of cyberwars globally, which characterize the growth of global economic losses and losses for companies in various sectors of the economy. To increase the effectiveness of control over the consequences of information wars, the author proposed to use the Sedov-Taylor shock-wave model in the form of a burst of the "information bubble" to simulate the spread of the consequences of information wars, as a factor of country economic destabilization, for banks, enterprises and the state as a whole. Such models will make it possible to identify vulnerabilities in the country's information security system for further shaping its development strategy.

PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE RELATIVISTIC SHOCK WAVES IN GRBs: THE CASE OF 30 GRBs

Using the modified internal shock wave model, we fit the gamma ray burst (GRB) light and spectral curves of 30 GRBs observed with BATSE. From the best fitting, we obtain basic parameters of the relativistic shells which are in good agreement with predictions given earlier. We compare measured GRB parameters with those obtained from the model and discuss connections between them in the frame of the physical processes laying behind GRB events.