Incidences of Fatalities on Austrian Ski Slopes: A 10-Year Analysis

The study evaluated incidences and potential differences of traumatic and nontraumatic fatalities among recreational skiers and snowboarders on Austrian ski slopes within a 10-year analysis. Within this retrospective study, data were collected by the Federal Ministry of the Interior. Data comprised all traumatic and nontraumatic deaths on Austrian ski slopes which occurred between the 2008/09 and 2017/18 winter seasons. Age, sex, nationality, gear used, altitude, slope difficulty, accident cause, primary cause of death and helmet use were collected at the death scene. Incidence of fatalities was calculated based on number of skier days. In total, 369 fatalities, with an average of 36.9 ± 7.9 fatalities per year, were registered. The yearly incidence of traumatic and nontraumatic deaths decreased by 25.8% and 40.1% during the 10-year time period, leading to an evaluated mean incidence of 0.70 deaths per million skier days, with an incidence of 0.36 traumatic deaths and 0.34 nontraumatic deaths per million skier days. Incidences of both traumatic and nontraumatic deaths decreased during the 10-year analysis, representing death as a rare event on Austrian ski slopes. However, adequate prevention measures to reduce potential risk factors to further reduce the mortality risk on ski slopes are needed.

A Priori Analysis of an Anisotropic Finite Element Method for Elliptic Equations in Polyhedral Domains

Consider the Poisson equation in a polyhedral domain with mixed boundary conditions. We establish new regularity results for the solution with possible vertex and edge singularities with interior data in usual Sobolev spaces {H^{\sigma}} with {\sigma\in[0,1)}. We propose anisotropic finite element algorithms approximating the singular solution in the optimal convergence rate. In particular, our numerical method involves anisotropic graded meshes with fewer geometric constraints but lacking the maximum angle condition. Optimal convergence on such meshes usually requires the pure Dirichlet boundary condition. Thus, a by-product of our result is to extend the application of these anisotropic meshes to broader practical computations with the price to have “smoother” interior data. Numerical tests validate the theoretical analysis.

Real-time Aggressive Driving Detection System based on In-vehicle Information using LoRa Communication

Safe driving has attracted a significant amount of attention in recent years owing to the increase in the complexity of the driving environment. There are many research studies focusing on detection of aggressive driving that may cause traffic accidents. In this paper, we propose a system for acquiring vehicles’ interior data and thereby detecting dangerous driving conditions. The system is designed to transmit the information acquired to a data server using Long Range (LoRa) communication networks. Through experimentation, we confirm that the proposed system can detect aggressive driving behaviors in real time and store them on the data server through LoRa communication. We evaluated techniques for acquiring in-vehicle information on 14 vehicles and confirmed that data can be extracted from most of the commonly available vehicles.

Sculptured Surface Design and Implementation by Lofting Design Method Using Cross-sectional B-Spline Curves

This research presents a particular designing strategy for a free form of surfaces, constructed by the lofting design method. The regarded surfaces were created by sliding a B-spline curves (profile curves), in addition to describing an automatic procedure for selective identification of sampling points in reverse engineering applications using Coordinate Measurement Machine. Two models have been implemented from (Ureol material) to represent the different cases of B-spline types to clarify its scope of application. The interior data of the desired surfaces was designed by MATLAB software, which then were transformed to UG-NX9 software for connecting the sections that were designed in MATLAB program and obtaining G-code programs for the models In addition, a virtual machining process was simulated to show the machining pitfalls, using VERICUT software. The samples were machined using 3-axis vertical CNC machine (Isel) type. Finally, the samples were measured using Faro arm (CMM inspection) and it was found that the average of errors was equal to (0.0589 mm) for the cross-sectional uniform B-spline model, and (0.1337 mm) for the lofted non-uniform B-spline model. It can be concluded that the whole steps task which built in the present research can be programmed in a single block of the part program where any surface at minimum designing time can be created from it.

Error Investigation for Free Form Surfaces in Bezier Techniques

Surface modeling utilizing Bezier technique is one of the more important tool in computer aided geometric design (CAD). The aim of this work is to design and implement multi-patches Bezier free-form surface. The technique has an effective contribution in technology domains and in ships, aircrafts, and cars industry, moreover for its wide utilization in making the molds. This work is includes the synthesis of these patches in a method that is allow the participation of these control point for the merge of the patches, and the confluence of patches at similar degree sides due to degree variation per patch. The model has been implemented to represent the surface. The interior data of the desired surfaces designed by MATLAB software have been transformed to UG-NX8 software to get the machining process simulation and G-code programs for the model, as well as a virtual machining process has been simulated to show the machining pitfalls, using CIMCO edit software. The sample has been machined using 3-axis vertical CNC machine. Finally, the sample has been measured using (CMM inspection) and it’s found that the average of error (0.144 mm).

Adapting SICK PLS 101 Laser Scanner for 3D Interior Modelling Data Collection

This paper highlights on the process of optimizing a SICK PLS 101 laser scanner sensor to collect 3D data of building interiors. The sensor, which is an industrial-based, is used to perform tasks like inspection, metrology and safety. 3D modelling of building interiors has gained a lot of interest recently, and the model can be used as the 3D as-built and assist facility management processes, as well as for preserving and conservation of old important buildings. On the other hand, not all sensors are capable of generating suitable data that can be used to produce the 3D model. LIDAR for example, is the preferred sensor in collecting interior data, but is prohibitive to some due to its cost. In addition to that, it usually comes with its own programme to collect the data, which can lead towards standardization issues. Other system like stereo vision can also be used; however it has limitations when handling occlusion and clutter while capturing in-use interior data. Thus, utilizing a SICK PLS 101 laser scanner to collect 3D interior data will provide a low cost solution in producing 3D interior models. The laser sensor can only scan in 2D for 180° horizontal area, yet by installing a servo motor, it is able to scan a hemispherical area in one operation. The overall system is sufficient to gather 3D data of a building interior – it can handle occlusions and clutter within an interior, is able to produce a standard ASCII file as well as generating output with adequate resolution, which can also solve the issues of standardization and the massive datasets created by LIDAR. As a conclusion, by optimizing a SICK PLS 101 laser scanner, we are able to produce a low cost, low level solution to gather 3D data of building interiors. Due to the restriction in cost and features of other sensors, the capability to utilize this sensor is appreciated.