Evaluation of Statistics for Macrodiversity Systems Under the Influence of Specific Single Shadowing and Complex Fading

Wireless signals often propagate in spaces containing large and small obstacles that affect the quality of such radiation. Obstacles cause a nonnegligible loss of the propagated power. The degradation of the signal quality is described by introducing fading and shadowing effects. A case of a wireless communication system that consists of a macro-level component represented by the selection combiner (SC) and two micro-level components consisting of the maximal ratio combiners (MRC) with [Formula: see text] branches is studied in this paper. The MRC component assumes the presence of a single-base station. The received signal is disturbed by simultaneous impact of the multipath Nakagami-[Formula: see text] fading and gamma shadowing. Consequently, the envelope is described by generalized-[Formula: see text] density function. On the other hand, SC component assumes the presence of two base stations, where the average power of the received signal is described using gamma distribution. The exact closed-form expression is obtained for probability density function of the signal at the output of the system, followed by the corresponding outage probability (Pout). Calculations are depicted graphically expressing influences of different fading values as well as the signal parameters.

Electrophysical properties of the (SnSe)1−x–(SmSe)x solid solutions at high and low temperature

The temperature range of [Formula: see text] = 77–770 K in the system alloys: Holl coefficient [Formula: see text], thermo-emf [Formula: see text], electric conductivity [Formula: see text], measured [Formula: see text]-density of components and analyzed. It has been established that samarium additive atoms contain donor-type properties and the effectiveness increases with the temperature increase: up to 40% proportional to [Formula: see text] K in [Formula: see text]-type specimens, whereas in [Formula: see text]-type samples this increase is higher and covers the contents of pH varying from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. An electrical conductivity of compounds increased due to the carrier activation with further increase of temperature. The activation energy of carriers at low temperatures ([Formula: see text] K) is [Formula: see text] eV for [Formula: see text] mol.% and [Formula: see text] mol.% compounds at [Formula: see text] = 77–320 K and for [Formula: see text] mol.% and [Formula: see text] mol.% compounds are [Formula: see text] eV. [Formula: see text] const at [Formula: see text]–400 K for [Formula: see text] mol.% and [Formula: see text] mol.% compounds, and passing with minimum increases at [Formula: see text] = 400–500 K.

Effect of magnetic field on the burning of a neutron star

In this paper, we present the effect of a strong magnetic field in the burning of a neutron star (NS). We have used relativistic magneto-hydrostatic (MHS) conservation equations for studying the PT from nuclear matter (NM) to quark matter (QM). We found that the shock-induced phase transition (PT) is likely if the density of the star core is more than three times nuclear saturation ([Formula: see text]) density. The conversion process from NS to quark star (QS) is found to be an exothermic process beyond such densities. The burning process at the star center most likely starts as a deflagration process. However, there can be a small window at lower densities where the process can be a detonation one. At small enough infalling matter velocities the resultant magnetic field of the QS is lower than that of the NS. However, for a higher value of infalling matter velocities, the magnetic field of QM becomes larger. Therefore, depending on the initial density fluctuation and on whether the PT is a violent one or not the QS could be more magnetic or less magnetic. The PT also have a considerable effect on the tilt of the magnetic axis of the star. For smaller velocities and densities the magnetic angle are not affected much but for higher infalling velocities tilt of the magnetic axis changes suddenly. The magnetic field strength and the change in the tilt axis can have a significant effect on the observational aspect of the magnetars.

An ab initio approach on superconducting properties of Mo3X(X = Si,Ga,Ge) compounds

Self-consistent first principles calculations on type II weakly coupled superconducting [Formula: see text] compounds of A15 phase are performed to understand their fundamental characteristics of the electronic, thermal and superconducting properties. The bulk modulus [Formula: see text], Debye temperature [Formula: see text], density of states (DOS) [Formula: see text], electron–phonon coupling constant [Formula: see text], superconducting transition temperature [Formula: see text], and electronic specific heat coefficient [Formula: see text] have been computed in terms of the electronic structure results, obtained by using the tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital method. It is observed that all the three materials have their electronic properties dominated by d-orbital at Fermi energy. Thermal and superconducting properties calculated here are found to corroborate well with the experimental results of literature.

Neuronal Calcium Wave Propagation Varies with Changes in Endoplasmic Reticulum Parameters: A Computer Model

Calcium ([Formula: see text]) waves provide a complement to neuronal electrical signaling, forming a key part of a neuron’s second messenger system. We developed a reaction-diffusion model of an apical dendrite with diffusible inositol triphosphate ([Formula: see text]), diffusible [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] receptors ([Formula: see text]s), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [Formula: see text] leak, and ER pump (SERCA) on ER. [Formula: see text] is released from ER stores via [Formula: see text]s upon binding of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. This results in [Formula: see text]-induced-[Formula: see text]-release (CICR) and increases [Formula: see text] spread. At least two modes of [Formula: see text] wave spread have been suggested: a continuous mode based on presumed relative homogeneity of ER within the cell and a pseudo-saltatory model where [Formula: see text] regeneration occurs at discrete points with diffusion between them. We compared the effects of three patterns of hypothesized [Formula: see text] distribution: (1) continuous homogeneous ER, (2) hotspots with increased [Formula: see text] density ([Formula: see text] hotspots), and (3) areas of increased ER density (ER stacks). All three modes produced [Formula: see text] waves with velocities similar to those measured in vitro (approximately 50–90 [Formula: see text]m /sec). Continuous ER showed high sensitivity to [Formula: see text] density increases, with time to onset reduced and speed increased. Increases in SERCA density resulted in opposite effects. The measures were sensitive to changes in density and spacing of [Formula: see text] hotspots and stacks. Increasing the apparent diffusion coefficient of [Formula: see text] substantially increased wave speed. An extended electrochemical model, including voltage-gated calcium channels and AMPA synapses, demonstrated that membrane priming via AMPA stimulation enhances subsequent [Formula: see text] wave amplitude and duration. Our modeling suggests that pharmacological targeting of [Formula: see text]s and SERCA could allow modulation of [Formula: see text] wave propagation in diseases where [Formula: see text] dysregulation has been implicated.