Protective Barrier Wall Response to Sequential Blast and Fire Events

Blast and fire-resistant barrier walls are often required on offshore platforms to protect from accidental events. A wall structure designed for a probabilistic explosion event typically relies on inelastic response and plastic deformation to maintain a lightweight, efficient design. Design guides for such structures do not explicitly address how to account for the effects of interaction of blast and fire loading on structural performance and design acceptance criteria. If a wall assembly is required to provide rated fire and gas protection after an explosion event, it is generally assumed that structural integrity is maintained due to temperature increase limits (140°C) from the H-60/120 rated fire protection on the wall. This paper investigates the validity of this assumption for a typical offshore barrier wall designed to undergo permanent deformation during an initial blast event. The study was performed utilizing non-linear dynamic finite element analysis (FEA). FEA allows for design iteration, structural assessment, and validation against extreme load scenarios when testing of full-scale assembly may not be feasible. A typical wall structure was first analyzed for blast loading by non-linear dynamic structural analysis. Thermal loading from a subsequent hydrocarbon fire was then applied to observe the structural response in the post-blast damaged condition. Based on the rated temperature range, the resulting thermal expansion in the wall panels induces large stresses at the interface between wall panels and supporting steel. Non-linear FEA confirmed that yielding occurs which may increase existing plastic strains beyond design limits at locations of high stress concentration. Therefore, it is prudent to consider thermal performance in the design process, especially regarding connections and penetrations.

Investigating the Effect of the Geometry of RC Barrier Walls on the Blast Wave Propagation

Evaluating the performance of several types of reinforced concrete barrier walls subjected to blast loads is the target of this research paper. A parametric study is carried out for nine RC barrier wall systems with different geometries modelled in the three dimensions with different configurations and variable parameters. ANSYS Autodyn software version 18.2 is used to model and analyse these systems using three-dimensional explicit dynamics analysis. The nine systems are studied under the effect of several parameters, such as explosive charge weight (W) and the stand-off distance from the explosion source to the wall (R). Their effect on the wall damage and its deformations and the pressure-induced at different locations are analysed. Eighteen reinforced concrete barrier wall models are studied to achieve this research goal. Comparisons between the results showed the deformation performance of the 60° concave face with planar back walls and the walls with the constant base of 1.0-meter-thick up to 0.5-meter-high with a face hunch up to 2.0-meter-high are better than all other studied walls. However, the concave face-convex back wall that has 70° curvature mitigate the pressure behind the wall by 10% regardless of its deformation.

Development Of Precast Barrier Wall System For Bridge Decks

As Ontario transportation infrastructure enters the era of maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement, it needs more use of prefabricated elements and systems, which can quickly assembled to overcome relatively longer time to open bridge to the traffic. This thesis reports on both analytical and experimental investigations conducted on various aspects of precast bridge barrier, including design loads, structural design, sequence of construction, connection details between the barriers and bridge, joints between barrier segments and water leakage control. In this study, thru post-tensioned bolted connection system was developed to connect the precast barrier wall with bridge deck. The primary intension behind these connections is to expedite construction cycle simulataneously with minimizing traffic disruption, improve work-zone safety, quality and constructible and lower down lifecycle cost of bridges. A total of five experimental tests on full-scale specimens of the developed system were conducted to verify and substantiate the design procedure used to develop the barrier wall system. Good correlation between theoretical ultimate loads, in the form of bending, shear and punching shear resistance, and the experimental findings was achieved.

Development Of Precast Barrier Wall System For Bridge Decks

As Ontario transportation infrastructure enters the era of maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement, it needs more use of prefabricated elements and systems, which can quickly assembled to overcome relatively longer time to open bridge to the traffic. This thesis reports on both analytical and experimental investigations conducted on various aspects of precast bridge barrier, including design loads, structural design, sequence of construction, connection details between the barriers and bridge, joints between barrier segments and water leakage control. In this study, thru post-tensioned bolted connection system was developed to connect the precast barrier wall with bridge deck. The primary intension behind these connections is to expedite construction cycle simulataneously with minimizing traffic disruption, improve work-zone safety, quality and constructible and lower down lifecycle cost of bridges. A total of five experimental tests on full-scale specimens of the developed system were conducted to verify and substantiate the design procedure used to develop the barrier wall system. Good correlation between theoretical ultimate loads, in the form of bending, shear and punching shear resistance, and the experimental findings was achieved.

Investigation on the capacity of TL-5 GFRP-reinforced concrete bridge barrier-deck anchorage subjected to transverse vehicle impact loading

A new Ontario-based glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bar manufacturer developed high-modulus (HM) GFRP bars with headed ends for use in bridge construction. This thesis presents a structural qualification procedure to qualify the use of the developed GFRP bars in concrete bridge barriers-deck joint. The thesis is comprised of two phases. The first phase includes an experimental program to investigate the pullout capacity of the GFRP bar anchorage in normal strength concrete. In phase two, three sets of full-scale TL-5 barrier wall-deck system of 900 mm length were cast and tested to-collapse. The first set incorporated headed-end GFRP bars to connect the barrier wall to a deck slab cantilever for better pre-installed anchorage. The second set is identical to the first set but for non-deformable thick deck slab. The third set incorporated post-installed GFRP bars in non-deformable thick deck slab using a commercial epoxy adhesive. Experimental capacities of the tested specimen were then correlated with factored applied moments given by the 2006 Commentaries of the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code and available equations in the literature. Based on the experimental findings, conclusions and recommendations were drawn.

Development of Empirical Equations and Tables For the Design of Bridge Cantilever Deck Slabs Under CHBDC Truck Loading

This study recommends new simplified equations for the transverse moment and shear force at the base of the cantilever overhang due to applied vertical truck loading. This was made possible through a parametric study that utilized finite-element modelling on bridge deck cantilevers with variable lengths and slab thicknesses. Different end stiffening arrangements were considered that are encountered in practice, and included but were not limited to the PL-1, PL-2 and PL-3 New Jersey-type barriers walls, a PL-2 parapet, and a curb supporting intermittent steel posts carrying a guardrail. The barrier length changed from 3 to 12 m and the cantilever length ranged from 1.0 to 3.75 m. Further to the empirical expressions that had been developed, the study is supported by tables that were developed to readily design the cantilever slab, based on vertical loads due to vertical truck loading, as well as horizontal railing loads against the barrier wall.

Investigation on the capacity of TL-5 GFRP-reinforced concrete bridge barrier-deck anchorage subjected to transverse vehicle impact loading

A new Ontario-based glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bar manufacturer developed high-modulus (HM) GFRP bars with headed ends for use in bridge construction. This thesis presents a structural qualification procedure to qualify the use of the developed GFRP bars in concrete bridge barriers-deck joint. The thesis is comprised of two phases. The first phase includes an experimental program to investigate the pullout capacity of the GFRP bar anchorage in normal strength concrete. In phase two, three sets of full-scale TL-5 barrier wall-deck system of 900 mm length were cast and tested to-collapse. The first set incorporated headed-end GFRP bars to connect the barrier wall to a deck slab cantilever for better pre-installed anchorage. The second set is identical to the first set but for non-deformable thick deck slab. The third set incorporated post-installed GFRP bars in non-deformable thick deck slab using a commercial epoxy adhesive. Experimental capacities of the tested specimen were then correlated with factored applied moments given by the 2006 Commentaries of the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code and available equations in the literature. Based on the experimental findings, conclusions and recommendations were drawn.

Development of Empirical Equations and Tables For the Design of Bridge Cantilever Deck Slabs Under CHBDC Truck Loading

This study recommends new simplified equations for the transverse moment and shear force at the base of the cantilever overhang due to applied vertical truck loading. This was made possible through a parametric study that utilized finite-element modelling on bridge deck cantilevers with variable lengths and slab thicknesses. Different end stiffening arrangements were considered that are encountered in practice, and included but were not limited to the PL-1, PL-2 and PL-3 New Jersey-type barriers walls, a PL-2 parapet, and a curb supporting intermittent steel posts carrying a guardrail. The barrier length changed from 3 to 12 m and the cantilever length ranged from 1.0 to 3.75 m. Further to the empirical expressions that had been developed, the study is supported by tables that were developed to readily design the cantilever slab, based on vertical loads due to vertical truck loading, as well as horizontal railing loads against the barrier wall.

Representasi Feminisme dalam Video Klip ‘Nightmare’ oleh Halsey

'Nightmare' is the title of a video clip belonging to a singer and singer called Halsey, in which the video clip is explained about the figure of women who struggle against patriarchal culture which has been a barrier wall for women to get their rights, welfare and the equality needed they get. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques are done through documentation, observation and study of literature. Then, analyzed using Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics technique. The results of this study show the fact that signs, symbols or messages representing feminism in the video, 'Nightmare' clips are presented through scenes that present women's actions in opposing domination over men and sarcastic sentences contained in the lyrics of the song to discuss with patriarchy. Youtube as one of the social media platforms where the 'Nightmare' video clip is uploaded is very effective for mass communication and for conveying the message contained in the video clip to the viewing public.‘Nightmare’ adalah judul video klip milik musisi sekaligus penyanyi yang bernama Halsey, dimana pada Video klipnya tersebut menceritakan tentang figur perempuan-perempuan yang berusaha melawan budaya patriarki yang selama ini telah menjadi dinding penghalang bagi perempuan untuk mendapatkan hak-haknya, keadilan dan kesetaraan yang seharusnya mereka dapatkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui dokumentasi, observasi dan studi kepustakaan. Kemudian, dianalisis menggunakan teknik semiotika milik Charles Sanders Peirce. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat tanda-tanda, simbol atau pesan yang merepresentasikan feminisme di dalam video klip ‘Nightmare’ yang dihadirkan melalui adegan-adegan yang menyajikan aksi perempuan dalam menolak dominasi atas laki-laki dan kalimat-kalimat sarkas yang terkandung dalam lirik lagunya untuk ditujukan kepada patriarki. Youtube sebagai salah satu platform media sosial dimana video klip ‘Nightmare’ diunggah sangat efektif untuk melakukan komunikasi massa dan untuk menyampaikan pesan yang terkandung di dalam video klip tersebut kepada masyarakat yang menonton.