TELAAH KRITIS ATAS RELASI AGAMA DAN BUDAYA PATRIARKI

This paper is a critical study of the discourse on religion and patriarchal culture. The development of religious patriarchism results from the interpretation of spiritual teachings that have the impression of a gender bias; the gender bias interpretation model is one of the relationships that shows the interaction of patriarchal culture with religion. Disclosure of the relationship between religion and patriarchism to understand the boundaries of what is called religion and interpretation and other elements in the meaning of religion. This paper is library research that relies on literature data related to gender and religion by using the theory of gender criticism to find answers to religious alliances and patriarchism. This paper shows that epistemologically, a series of meanings related to women's lives is interpreted textually. The meanings that are born are motivated by elements of male culture. There is a patriarchal ideology that is still strong in the body of a religious community that interprets the meaning of religion as religion.

The Importance of the Role of Women Ulama as the Effort to Actualate the Message of Islam to the Value of Equality

Islam is a gender-just religion so that in the dissemination of its values, gender-fair spaces and opportunities are also needed. The purpose of this study is to provide understanding and understanding to the reader that in realizing a gender-just environment, religion is an important slice that needs to be considered. Islam has agreed to create a gender-just order, and it has been stated in the verses of the Koran. This research method uses qualitative research, sourced from reading material and supported by implementation pictures as supporting data. The results showed that the presence of female clerics was very important. Islam has conveyed Islamic teachings by realizing gender justice so that resistance to patriarchal culture in Indonesia can be carried out with the presence of female ulama to understand that women also have human potential so that they can be said to be worthy as scholars. The limitation of this research is that the author is a little complicated in compiling the historical sequence of the presence of women ulama until their existence today. The lack of data sources that the author must obtain is still rare especially in research about Women Ulama as part of the struggle for gender equality.

The Portrayal of Hegemony and Patriarchy in Louise O’ Neill’s Only Ever Yours

This study analyzes patriarchal hegemony portrayed in a dystopian world where young girls are hegemonized to fulfill patriarchal interests written by Louise O’ Neill, Only Ever Yours. As a counter to utopian writing, dystopian literature emerged as a subgenre of speculative fiction. The objectives of this study are to elucidate the kinds of patriarchal structures and media operated in portraying patriarchal hegemony in the novel. This study employs Antonio Gramsci’s hegemony theory along with the concept of patriarchy by Sylvia Walby. This study is literary criticism as the researcher interprets and analyzes the literary work. It employs a sociological approach for the analysis and Sylvia Walby’s six structures of patriarchy theory along with Gramsci’s theory. The data are taken from the words, phrases, and sentences in Only Ever Yours published in 2015. The researcher took the data by identifying, classifying and analyzing the data by elucidating the data with the theories. The result of this study shows that there are three patriarchal structures portrayed in the novel which are patriarchal mode of production, patriarchal state, and patriarchal culture. On the other hand, patriarchal hegemony is portrayed through the medium of television.

Knowledge and Awareness about Nikah Nama Reforms and its Clauses in Lahore

The present research was carried out to investigate the knowledge and awareness regarding Nikah Nama reforms and its clauses among the unmarried males and females of Lahore. The objectives of this study were to explore knowledge and level of awareness about Nikah Nama reforms and to explore the reasons for not reading the Nikah Nama before marriage. A total of 400 adults were sampled, including 200 males and 200 females. A self-developed questionnaire was used; which included both closed and open ended questions. The results of this study revealed that most of the people were not aware about Nikah Nama reforms and women supportive clauses. It was also revealed that three broad factors contributed to not reading the Nikah Nama before marriage: (i) patriarchal culture, (ii) Lack of awareness; and (iii) Insecurity and fear. It is recommended that awareness about marriage rights should be part of the formal and informal education system and there must be some accountability against people who break laws and strike out the Nikkah Nama clauses or prevent the reading of the contract. Key Words: Nikkah Nama, Reforms, Women Supportive Clauses, Patriarchy, Ignorance

Keterwakilan Perempuan pada Pemilihan Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Barat pada Pemilihan Umum (Pemilu) 2019

The breakthrough to achieve justice in the political field is the implementation of an affirmative action system, which is a system used globally to enable women to play their role, especially in the world of politics. The purpose of this research is to find out, analyze and explain what factors influence women's representation in the West Tulang Bawang Regency DPRD election results in 2019 and to find out, analyze and explain strategies for increasing women's representation in PDIP, Nasdem Party and Gerindra Party. As for those who became respondents in this study amounted to 7 people. The results of this research are 1) The factors that influence women's representation in the Legislative Election DPRD Tulang Bawang Barat Regency are 3 (three), namely political education, political communication and political culture and the most dominant factor influencing is "patriarchal culture" with the conclusion explanation as follows: The following: 1) Political education: political education efforts for legislative candidates, especially women, are not effectively implemented, this is due to time constraints and the reluctance of women legislative candidates to access and deepen knowledge about the world of politics, b) Political communication: political communication efforts the majority of legislative candidates only rely on the media mix and are less effective in direct political communication or interpersonal communication such as open campaigns or door to door. c) Political culture: patriarchal culture is still cultured, namely a culture that places women in a position that is always under men, is considered to have duties and responsibilities in domestic management of the household, namely kitchens, wells and mattresses. And 2) The strategy to increase women's representation in PDIP, Nasdem Party and Gerindra Party is carried out in 3 (three) ways, namely a) Increasing political education, b) Increasing political marketing and c) Increasing women's political participation.

Sexual agency of young widows in Malay culture: An ethnographic study in Serdang Village, South Bangka

Patriarchal culture is part of Malay society. However widows in Serdang Village, South Bangka gain agency in the midst of patriarchal culture. They find strategies in meeting their sexual needs after getting their agency. This study looks at how women find their agency and strategies to fulfill their sexual needs in the midst of the Serdang Village community which is still heavily associated with its Malay culture. The ethnographic research method was carried out to explore the agency of young widows in the village using Agency Theory from Lois McNay and Gayle Rubin’s thought “The Charmed Cyrcle” as an analytical knife to dissect the problems that exist in Serdang Village. This study found that young widows use strategies to fulfill their sexual needs, either by connecting with a boyfriend without getting married, watching adult videos, connecting with customers on a consensual or paid basis. This study concludes that the agency that has been built by the widows allows them to express their sexual needs freely.

Impacts of Social Media on Women’s Psychological Wellbeing in a Patriarchal Culture

The impact of technology on well-being is an emerging area of research but has thus far been limited in terms of sample, gender, context, and specific indicators of well-being. With more technologies coming into existence, new media research must expand and emphasize such ignored aspects as women, non-Western societies, and psychological, rather than subjective, well-being. To address this gap, the current research explored the implication of women’s use of social media for their psychological well-being within the context of a patriarchal culture in a developing country. The penetration of the Internet and social media has brought educational, business, and other opportunities for the female elite in Pakistan. Even within Pakistan’s higher socio-economic strata, the male-dominated society offers a woman limited options for free participation in political-economic or even social-cultural spheres. In-depth interviews with seven highly educated professional Pakistani women revealed both its positive and negative implications for their psychological well-being.

Perempuan Bali dalam Dunia Politik (Studi Kasus Pemilihan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah di Kabupaten Badung Tahun 2009, 2014 dan 2019)

Balinese Hindu women are said to be laymen in politics. The patriarchal culture that is so strong in Balinese life seems to dictate that a Balinese woman only takes a domestic role and traditional rituals. This study uses the theory of existence and the theory of femenism as a basis for thinking in problems. The research method used is historical methods. The results of the study, namely the struggle of Balinese Hindu women in political activities have increased from 2009, 2014 and 2019, but if calculated globally it is still low. The factor of the involvement of Hindu Balinese women in political activities is the involvement of women in parliament. Political activities have very broad implications, such as having an impact on education, socio-culture, public policy and also having an impact on political activity itself.

Double colonization of Rhodesian women in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s 'Nervous Conditions'

Nervous Conditions focuses on the story of the Shona family living in a patriarchal culture in Rhodesia during the postcolonial era in the 1960s. Rhodesia was a former British colony, so the legacy of colonialism and its influence is not that easy to go away. Hence, those who were colonized, or the locals experience many problems to cope with, especially women. Therefore, the study aims to examine the postcolonial issues in the novel dealing with double colonization. The objectives of the study were to describe and explain how the novel builds the themes related to postcolonialism and how the women living in patriarchy experienced oppression from male relatives as well as a colonial power. The study was done qualitatively using a content analysis method. The data were analyzed using Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism. The findings showed the story highlighted the themes of patriarchy and cultural contestation which affect the lives of the female characters. Then, the findings explained how the female characters were oppressed traditionally and colonially. Therefore, it showed how women were doubly colonized by males and Western domination. Thus, they had not been able to get full authority since they were trapped between both.

Kajian Dinamika Kesetaraan Gender Pada Film Ki dan Ka

Patriarchal culture has long been rooted in society, regulating all aspects of life for both men and women. One of them is married life. Men and women are equally required to fulfill traditional roles according to patriarchal standards. Men are required to provide breadwinners, while women only do domestic work. Women work only to support their husbands. Ki&Ka film tries to show a different role from what is usual in society. So this film aims to describe the visualization of the dynamics of gender equality in the Ki & Ka film. The theory used in this research is the Identity Negotiation Theory by Stella Ting-Toomey. This theory seeks to explore the ways in which identity is negotiated in interactions with other people, especially in different cultures. The method used is semiotic analysis, by trying to analyze the symbols that appear in this film. The results showed that Ki and Ka were able to show the dynamics of identity negotiations such as efforts to fit in with the environment, showing self-identity and the turmoil of people around when gender equality was trying to be applied in society.