Microdebris in Echinodea Tripneustes gratilla at Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Microdebris contamination of marine organism has become a major concern. As a detritivore, Tripneustes gratilla also has the opportunity to be contaminated. This study aims to determine microdebris contamination in T. gratilla, including the form and size of the microdebris. This research was conducted at three islands, i.e. Barrang Lompo, Badi, and Kondong Bali. Ten individuals were collected from each island. The digestive tract of spesies was taken, then H2O2 was added to dissolve the organic matter. Flotation was carried out by adding NaCl. Microdebris was observed using stereo microscope, and selected particle then was analysed by FT-IR Microscope. The abundance of microdebris in T. gratilla was ranged from 3.4 to 14.8 particles/individual. Tripneustes gratilla from Badi Island showed the highest levels, contained 14.8 particles/individual. Fiber and fragment were found in all the samples. Fiber was the most common microdebris and consisted of more than half of the total microdebris in each island, except Barrang Lompo. The most common size of microdebris ranged 0.05-1mm, accounted for 36% of the total microdebris. The particle observed by FT-IR Microscope was identified as cotton. Our results suggest that microdebris pollution have contaminated T. gratilla in the Spermonde archipelago.

CORAL REEFS ON INHABITED AND UNINHABITED SMALL ISLANDS, SPERMONDE ARCHIPELAGO, INDONESIA

The small islands in Indonesia is providing important ecosystem services. It is important to identify damages of a coral reef ecosystem and whether natural factors or anthropogenic factors are the main causes. Landsat images obtained with different sensors were analyzed for mapping coral reef on inhabited and uninhabited small islands, Spermonde archipelago, Indonesia. Overall accuracies of three habitats classification were 89.2% and 85.6%, respectively. They are live coral, dead coral and non-coral. Ground truth surveys were selected by using the unsupervised classification method The live coral in inhabited islands was slightly greater than in uninhabited. An increasing area of live coral was about 5.3 ha of the total area in 1990 per year while a decreasing of dead coral was 3.5 ha per year in inhabited islands. In uninhabited island, a decreasing speed of live coral habitat area was about 0.6 per year. During 29 years, a significant increase in the dead coral and decrease in live corals. It has been identified that the significant controlling factor for the disturbances in reef ecosystem is derived from natural and anthropogenic.

Kerapatan Clathria reinwardti dan Spheciospongia inconstans di Reef Flat Pulau Barranglompo, Kepulauan Spermonde, Makassar

This study aims to determine the density of the sponges Clathria reinwardti and Spheciospongia inconstans in the reef flat of Barranglompo Island, Spermonde Archipelago, Makassar. The method used is belt transect using a roll meter as a reference for distance. The starting point of the roll meter ± 50 m from the shoreline is drawn perpendicularly to the end of the reef reef by 3 transects with a distance of ± 50m between the roll meters. At each 25m interval the observations were made using a belt transect size of 15m × 5m as the limit of the observation. In each quadrant transect, were done first is documenting of each sponge then count the number of species present in each quadrant. The results showed that the density of Clathria reinwardti at stations I and II were 0.13 and 0.14 m-2 respectively and were not significantly different, while those at stations III and IV were 0.25 and 0.31 m-2 respectively and not significantly different. Station I and II are significantly different from stations III and IV. The density of Spheciospongia inconstans at station I 0.02 m-2, station II 0.14 m-2, station III 0.67 m-2, and station IV 0.44 m-2. The sponge density of S. inconstans between stations was significantly different. The density of C. reinwardti at stations III and IV was higher and significantly different than stations I and II, while the highest density of S. inconstans was found at station III followed by station IV, station II, and station 1, and was significantly different among the four stations. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kerapatan spons Clathria reinwardti dan Spheciospongia inconstans di reef flat Pulau Barranglompo, Kepulauan Spermonde, Kota Makassar. Metode yang digunakan adalah belt transect dengan menggunakan roll meter sebagai acuan jarak. Titik awal roll meter ±50 m dari garis pantai secara tegak lurus ditarik sampai batas akhir reef reef sebanyak 3 transek dengan jarak ±50m antar roll meter. Pada setiap interval 25m pengamatan dilakukan menggunakan belt transect ukuran 15m × 5m sebagai batasan pengamatan. Pada setiap transek kuadran, pertama-tama yang dilakukan adalah mengambil gambar setiap spons kemudian menghitung jumlah jenis yang terdapat pada setiap kuadran. Hasil penelitian, kerapatan spons Clathria reinwardti di stasiun I dan II masing-masing 0.13 dan 0.14 m-2 dan tidak berbeda nyata, sedangkan di stasiun III dan IV masing-masing 0.25 dan 0.31 m-2 dan tidak berbeda nyata. Stasiun I dan II berbeda nyata dengan stasiun III dan IV. Kerapatan spons Spheciospongia inconstans pada stasiun I 0.02 m-2, stasiun II 0.14 m-2, stasiun III 0.67 m-2, dan stasiun IV 0.44 m-2. Kerapatan spons Spheciospongia inconstans antar stasiun berbeda nyata. Kerapatan Clathria reinwardti pada stasiun III dan IV lebih tinggi dan berbeda nyata daripada stasiun I dan II, sedangkan kerapatan Spheciospongia inconstans tertinggi didapatkan pada stasiun III disusul kemudian stasiun IV, stasiun II, dan stasiun 1, serta berbeda nyata di antara keempat stasiun tersebut.

Gonad maturity and gonadal somatic index of blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus harvested from Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Reproductive biology is one of the biological aspects that needed to formulate responsible management of blue swimming crab (BSC). The crab is one of the commercial fisheries commodities in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Presently no information on the reproductive biology of this crab from Spermonde Archipelago, Sout Sulawesi. Therefore, the study aimed to analyze and compare gonad maturity stage(GMS)andgonadalsomaticindex(GSI)oftheBSCcaughtonthreeecosystemsnamelycoralreef,seagrass,andmangrovein Salemo Island, Spermonde Archipelago. GMS and GSI were analyzed descriptively for five months from March to July 2015. Results indicate there was a difference in GMS of the BSC caught in mangroves, seagrass, and coral reef. Generally, mangrove was dominated by immature BSC with GMS I and GMS II, while the BSC caught in the seagrass and coral reef BSC were dominantly mature and spawn GMS III, IV, and V. GSI BSC caught in mangrove ecosystem are smaller than GSI BSC caught in seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seagrass and coral reef ecosystems suitable for development no-take zone of the BSC.

Differences in genetic diversity and divergence between brooding and broadcast spawning corals across two spatial scales in the Coral Triangle region

The Coral Triangle region contains the world’s highest marine biodiversity, however, these reefs are also the most threatened by global and local threats. A main limitation that prevents the implementation of adequate conservation measures is that connectivity and genetic structure of populations is poorly known. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure and connectivity patterns of tropical corals in Indonesia on two different spatial scales, as well as by comparing two different reproduction strategies. Genotyping was based on microsatellite markers for 316 individual Seriatopora hystrix colonies and 142 Acropora millepora colonies sampled in Pulau Seribu and Spermonde Archipelago in 2012 and 2013. Differences in allelic diversity and a strong signature of divergence associated with historical land barriers at the Sunda Shelf were found for the brooding coral Seriatopora hystrix. However, differences in diversity and divergence were not pronounced in the broadcast spawning coral Acropora millepora. Within Spermonde Archipelago, two groups were identified: (1) sites of the sheltered inner-shelf and mid-shelf, which were found to be highly interconnected and (2) mid-shelf and outer-shelf sites characterised by higher differentiation. These patterns of contemporary dispersal barriers and genetic diversity can be explained by the differences in life history of the corals, as well as by oceanographic conditions facilitating larval dispersal. The contemporary dispersal barriers found within the Spermonde Archipelago emphasise the need for incorporating connectivity data in future conservation efforts.