scholarly journals Microdebris in Echinodea Tripneustes gratilla at Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012027
Author(s):  
J D D Tanjung ◽  
I Ilham ◽  
C Liza ◽  
W Priawandiputra
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Marine Organism ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Individual Fiber ◽  
Tripneustes Gratilla ◽  
Stereo Microscope ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Spermonde Archipelago

Abstract Microdebris contamination of marine organism has become a major concern. As a detritivore, Tripneustes gratilla also has the opportunity to be contaminated. This study aims to determine microdebris contamination in T. gratilla, including the form and size of the microdebris. This research was conducted at three islands, i.e. Barrang Lompo, Badi, and Kondong Bali. Ten individuals were collected from each island. The digestive tract of spesies was taken, then H2O2 was added to dissolve the organic matter. Flotation was carried out by adding NaCl. Microdebris was observed using stereo microscope, and selected particle then was analysed by FT-IR Microscope. The abundance of microdebris in T. gratilla was ranged from 3.4 to 14.8 particles/individual. Tripneustes gratilla from Badi Island showed the highest levels, contained 14.8 particles/individual. Fiber and fragment were found in all the samples. Fiber was the most common microdebris and consisted of more than half of the total microdebris in each island, except Barrang Lompo. The most common size of microdebris ranged 0.05-1mm, accounted for 36% of the total microdebris. The particle observed by FT-IR Microscope was identified as cotton. Our results suggest that microdebris pollution have contaminated T. gratilla in the Spermonde archipelago.

scholarly journals On the ability of calves to digest hay

1960 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Aarne Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Different Parts

Three experiments have been carried out with altogether 16 Ayrshire calves in order to determine the digestibility of timothy hay cured at the early flowering stage and containing some red clover. The ages of the calves varied from 2 ½ to 9 months. Hay was given either totally or almost ad lib. Lignin was used as tracer. In experiment 1 the ages of the six experimental calves varied from 3 to 9 months. The calves aged 5—9 months digested hay equally efficiently when com-pared with each other. The youngest calf aged 3 months digested hay less efficiently (Table 1). In Experiment 2 the ages of the six experimental calves varied from 10 to 22 weeks. In the trial two control cows were also included. The calves aged 10—12 weeks digested hay less efficiently and the calves aged 4—5 months almost as efficiently as the control cows (Table 2). The ability of calves of the same age to digest hay was quite variable. Experiment 3 was carried out with four 7 months old calves. At the end of the trial the calves were slaughtered and the contents of the different parts of the digestive tract were weighed and sampled. On the ground of the analyses of the hay, the contents of the abomasum and the faeces, the digestibilities of N-free organic matter and N-free non-lignin organic matter in the proventriculi and in the whole digestive tract were esimated. The share of the proventriculi in the total digestibility of the said substances was 82—88 per cent (Table 3). The contents of the reticulo-rumen of the calves in Experiment 3 as well as those of younger calves aged 3 ½—4 months were weighed in connection with the slaughtering. The quantity of the contents in calves of 7 months was 30—40 kg and that in calves aged 3 ½—4 months 12—15 kg.

scholarly journals Energy balance of food in a detrito-bryophagous groundhopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9603
Author(s):  
Kateřina Kuřavová ◽  
Jan Šipoš ◽  
Petr Kočárek
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Nutrient Absorption ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Food Budget

Detritus (decaying organic matter) and phyllodes of mosses are two main components in the diet of groundhoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). We studied the energy balance of consumed food under laboratory conditions in the detrito-bryophagous groundhopper, Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus, 1758). The results indicated that the energy food budget of this detrito-bryophagous groundhopper was comparable to those of small herbivorous grasshoppers (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae, Melanoplinae), which have a similar energy food budget of approximately 800–1,100 J/g. T. subulata consumed four times more detritus than mosses, although both components provided similar amounts of energy (ca. 15–16 kJ/g). However, in contrast with detritus, moss fragments passed through the digestive tract without a distinct change in their mass or a loss in their energy value. We assume that moss may cause the longer retention of semifluid mass of partly digested food in the alimentary tract; hence, the digestion and efficiency of nutrient absorption from detritus could be more effective.

scholarly journals Properties of Humic Acids in Meadow Soils Irrigated With the Slope-And Flooding System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Banach-Szott ◽  
Andrzej Dziamski
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Irrigation Ditch ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Degree Of Maturity

Abstract The aim of the research has been to determine the effect of many-year irrigation of unique grasslands on the properties of humic acids defining the quality of organic matter. The research was performed based on the soil (Albic Brunic Arenosol, the A, AE and Bsv horizons) sampled from Europe’s unique complex of permanent grasslands irrigated continuously for 150 years, applying the slope-and-flooding system; the Czerskie Meadows. The soil samples were assayed for the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the particle size distribution. HAs were extracted with the Schnitzer method and analysed for the elemental composition, spectrometric parameters in the UV-VIS range, hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the infrared spectra were produced. The research results have shown that the HAs properties depended on the depth and the distance from the irrigation ditch. The HAs of the A horizon of the soils were identified with a lower “degree of maturity”, as reflected by the values of atomic ratios (H/C, O/C, O/H), absorbance coefficients, and the FT-IR spectra, as compared with the HAs of the Bsv horizon. The HAs molecules of the soils sampled furthest from the irrigation ditch were identified with a higher degree of humification, as compared with the HAs of the soils sampled within the closest distance. The results have demonstrated that many-year grassland irrigation affected the structure and the properties of humic acids.

scholarly journals Organic matter from benthic foraminifera (Ammonia beccarii) shells by FT-IR spectroscopy: A study on Tupilipalem, South east coast of India

MethodsX ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sreenivasulu ◽  
N. Jayaraju ◽  
B.C. Sundara Raja Reddy ◽  
T. Lakshmi Prasad ◽  
K. Nagalakshmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
East Coast ◽  
East Coast Of India ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

scholarly journals Masquerade, mimicry and crypsis of the polymorphic sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni and its aggregations in South Sulawesi

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert W. Hoeksema ◽  
Andrea L. Crowther
Keyword(s):  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Stony Corals ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intraspecific Morphological Variation ◽  
Spermonde Archipelago

Phyllodiscus semoni is a morphologically variable sea anemone species from the Indo-Pacific with morphotypes ranging from upright and branched to low-lying and rounded. The apparent camouflage strategies of this sea anemone allow it to resemble other species or objects in its environment, such as stony corals, soft corals, seaweeds, or rocky boulders covered by algae, which may help it to avoid recognition by potential predators. Occasionally, it occurs in aggregations that may result from asexual reproduction. A high level of intraspecific morphological variation, including co-occurring aggregations of three different morphotypes, was observed in the Spermonde Archipelago off Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The co-occurrence of aggregations with different morphotypes suggests that Phyllodiscus is a highly polymorphic monospecific genus. Sea anemones of this genus are not frequently encountered at other localities and the number of morphotypes seems large. Therefore, it is unlikely that we are dealing with more than one species that are all concentrated in a single area. Phyllodiscus sea anemones are considered dangerous to humans because their nematocysts contain highly toxic venoms that may inflict harmful stings. Therefore they are the subject of recent toxicological studies. The present paper aims to assist in the recognition of these highly variable hazardous animals and to discuss the appearance of their aggregations.

Monitoring the Effect of Organic Matter on Biofilm Growth in Low Nutritive Waters by ATR/FT-IR Spectroscopy

Biofouling ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Boualam ◽  
Fabienne Quilès ◽  
Laurence Mathieu ◽  
Jean-Claude Block
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

Enhanced Humification of Soil Organic Matter by Microwave Irradiation and Hyperthermal Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 696-699
Author(s):  
Baek Hoon Kim ◽  
Seung Kyun Son ◽  
Hee Jun Lim ◽  
Han Seung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Mw Irradiation

Soil organic matter (SOM) is derived from dead biomass of animals and plants, and its formation process in which the precursor materials of SOM are transformed into macro organic molecules through geo-chemical and geo-biological reactions in the subsurface environment is referred to as humification. Carbon content increases, but oxygen content decreases along with marked increased in molecular weight and degree of condensation of SOM during humification. It has been known that humus materials evolve in the order of biopolymer, fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin. Humification process takes place in a geological time scale, but it can be accelerated at extremely high temperatures, which can be achieved by microwave (MW) with hyperthermal catalysts (HTCs). Thus, MW was irradiated to the mixture of soil and HTCs to stimulate humification of SOM and to enhance its binding capacity for recalcitrant organic contaminants in this study. MW irradiation with HTCs was optimized, and the characteristic changes of SOMs before and after the irradiation were assessed to confirm humification. Soils were collected from 4 different forest regions in Seoul, Korea (Konkuk University, Yongma Mountain, Surak Mountain, and Bukhan Mountain), and they were screened by wet-sieving. Each component of SOM was isolated by acid-base extraction/selective exchange resin, which was proposed by the International Humic Substance Society. Total organic carbon (TOC) content, specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), E4/E6 ratio, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum of SOM before and after MW irradiation were examined. Soil of Surak Mountain exhibited the highest organic carbon content, but Yongma Mountain contained the highest amount of fulvic acid. Soils of Yongma Mountain and Konkuk University were chosen due to their high fulvic acid content, which supported that these soils are relatively geologically-young soils. Powdered and granulated activated carbon (PAC and GAC), graphite, charcoal, and carbon nanotube (CNT) were selected and screened with regard to their hyperthermal activity under MW irradiation. The temperature changes by MW with HTCs were monitored at various MW irradiation intensity and time. Graphite-and CNT-soil mixtures exhibited the optimum heating capacity at 600 W, resulting in heating HTC-soil mixtures to approximately 1,000oC within 10 min. TOCs, SUVAs, E4/E6 ratios, and FT-IR spectra of SOM supported effective humification of SOM after MW irradiation with HTCs, and notable increase in binding capacity with hydrophobic organic contaminants. The results of this study are expected to provide the fundamental information for developing the performance-efficient and cost-effective treatment process for the removal of persistent organic contaminants based on MW and HTC.

scholarly journals Gonad maturity and gonadal somatic index of blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus harvested from Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Muh. Saleh Nurdin ◽  
Fauziah Azmi ◽  
Teuku Fadlon Haser
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Swimming Crab ◽  
Portunus Pelagicus ◽  
Gonad Maturity ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Gonadal Somatic Index ◽  
Spermonde Archipelago

Reproductive biology is one of the biological aspects that needed to formulate responsible management of blue swimming crab (BSC). The crab is one of the commercial fisheries commodities in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Presently no information on the reproductive biology of this crab from Spermonde Archipelago, Sout Sulawesi. Therefore, the study aimed to analyze and compare gonad maturity stage(GMS)andgonadalsomaticindex(GSI)oftheBSCcaughtonthreeecosystemsnamelycoralreef,seagrass,andmangrovein Salemo Island, Spermonde Archipelago. GMS and GSI were analyzed descriptively for five months from March to July 2015. Results indicate there was a difference in GMS of the BSC caught in mangroves, seagrass, and coral reef. Generally, mangrove was dominated by immature BSC with GMS I and GMS II, while the BSC caught in the seagrass and coral reef BSC were dominantly mature and spawn GMS III, IV, and V. GSI BSC caught in mangrove ecosystem are smaller than GSI BSC caught in seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. Seagrass and coral reef ecosystems suitable for development no-take zone of the BSC.

scholarly journals Evaluating soil quality at a landfill: a study case from morocco (tangier)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-325
Author(s):  
Ikram Chaer ◽  
Asmae El Cadi ◽  
Jamal Brigui ◽  
Khadija Ziat ◽  
Mohamed Khaddor
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

In recent decades, landfill sites have been a potential source of contamination, which can hurt the environment due to the accumulation of heavy metals and processed organic products. In the Tangier landfill, the different types of wastes are missing any prior treatment or any soil of protection. This behavior constitutes a risk factor of contamination for the soil and groundwater. Between the waste and soil, many physicochemical and biological reactions occur. The objective of this work effort is to derive a global and in-depth characterization of the organic and mineral matter of the soil samples from the Tangier landfill. The study of organic matter (OM) in soils helps to understand the evolution of soil contamination. Eight samples of soil have been studied using a range of chemical and physical analytical methods. FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses have used to investigate the nature of organic matter. The analysis of heavy metals in the soil showed that there is a significant presence of Pb, Cd, As, Cr and Zn quantities which are mainly due to industrial waste.

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