Industrial agglomerations have become a major vehicle for stimulating economic growth and structural change in many countries. Malaysia was a pioneer amongst the developing countries that launched industrial hubs. This chapter examines the theoretical rationale, the policies introduced, and the four industrial agglomeration strategies launched by the Malaysian government to stimulate industrialization. The initial objective of developing export processing zones (EPZs) to attract investment, create jobs, and generate exports was successful. Unemployment, poverty rates, and income inequality fell from 1970 till 2017. However, EPZs, and the subsequent attempts to stimulate structural change from low- to high-value activities through science and technology parks and regional corridors, was not successful owing to the lack of human capital and effective technological upgrading policies. Initiatives to galvanize the industrial hubs must address these shortcomings, as well as emphasizing environmental greening and the evolution of an egalitarian economy.
The influence of socio-spatial segregation on urban mobility indicators: the case of Belém – PA/ A influência da segregação sócio-espacial nos indicadores de mobilidade urbana: o caso de Belém - PA
