Shaping the city (c. AD 52–60)

This chapter describes how London was rebuilt in a major phase of urban redesign likely to date c. AD 52, perhaps when an earlier supply-base was converted into a city. This involved a significant degree of cadastral reform. These works were probably initiated by the governor Didius Gallus. Busy construction programmes of the 50s involved the introduction of a new street grid, London’s first waterfront revetments, warehouses around the forum, and new bathhouses on the borders of town. A sacred precinct may also have been established around natural springs on a hillside overlooking the town. London’s first suburbs were established, and included workshops built and used following pre-Roman technologies. The contrast presented by these unusual and peripheral sites is used to argue the marginal status of British communities within the Roman city. A further programme of urban expansion dating c. AD 60 is also described.

Arhetipul Dochiei în etnogeneza mitică a lui Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu

Hasdeu’s interest for autochthon mythology found its embodiment in a series of investigations folklore, where discussion were proposed more assertions, opinions, research issues of spirituality Dacian. The autochthon mythology in its modern expression is based on the traditions, revealing ways of artistic transfiguration of reality in terms of visions and representations that characterizes the creative personality of the Romanian people. The archetype of Dochia that returns repeatedly is a hypothetical model, is an emblematic symbol of a sacred space circumscribed aspects of its fundamental values. Dochia is the personification of the ancient Gauls, it symbolizes in the acceptation of B. P. Hașdeu historical setting of the Romanians, but also a fall in natural springs descriptive saw the size of the imagination Dacian, closely related to the same myth of steadiness.

SISTEM ZA PREČIŠĆAVANJE PIJAĆE VODE SA POVEĆANOM TVRDOĆOM I KONCENTRACIJOM AMONIJAKA, GVOŽĐA, MANGANA 

Water is one of the most important universal solvents for gerat number of substances. Despite the fact that it is found in nature in huge quantities, there is almost no completely clean water in nature. The purest water in the nature is in glaciers, snow and possibly rainwater, although this water contains also a certain amount of impurities. Water in natural springs (underground and surface springs) is more or less loaded with minerals that can be non-toxic or very toxic. In order to use it as drinking water, it is necessary that such water (chemically and bacteriologically) be in accordance with the standards and Guidance which defines the maximum allowed concentrations of certain mineral compounds and bacteria in drinking water.

Chinless Shifting: Technique and Application

This lesson provides step-by-step guidance on how to change position when playing chinless. Harnessing the energy of the four natural springs (in the forearm, wrist, elbow, and thumb) it contains fifteen exercises, covering basic techniques of displacement, both up and down. Although most of the material is original, students are also guided toward the works of Ševčík and Kreutzer. There is a section on Shifting and Expression, and fifteen further Methodical Exercises on understanding and applying pure intonation to Geminiani’s scale studies from The Art of Playing the Violin.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Rainfall and Streamflow in the Kikuletwa Catchment of Upper Pangani Basin, Tanzania

Streamflow and rainfall records from 1980 to 2015 as a (common period for the analyzed stations) were used to analyze the variations of rainfall and streamflow in the Kikuletwa catchment. Also, the analysis of the longest time series available at each station up to 2015 (referred to as the whole series in this study) was conducted to relate past rainfall and streamflow changes, at the tributaries of Kikuletwa River located above the Rundugai natural springs as recommended from previous studies. Various methods such as simple statistics of the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variance, and graphs were used to analyze intra-annual variations. Multi-year variability was analyzed by trends and change point tests using MannKendall and Pettitt tests respectively. The results of the study revealed the spatial variation of rainfall which was related to elevation differences. The streamflow amounts were found to vary from upstream to downstream. The whole time series analysis of annual rainfall and streamflow amounts revealed a decrease in rainfall and streamflow amounts for almost all stations though a significant decrease was only observed at two stations located on the upstream (for rainfall) and two stations located above the Rundugai natural springs (for streamflow). During 1980 – 2015, trends analysis indicated significant decreasing trends only in annual rainfall amounts at the two stations located on the upstream of the catchment with Z values of -3.20 and -2.68. In contrast, average annual flow trends analysis indicated significant decreasing trends at four stations out of five with Z values of -2.52, -2.28, -1.99 and -3.4 and, at one station insignificant decreasing trend was observed. The findings revealed the existence of other catchment influences to the streamflow changes other than rainfall during 1980-2015. The study provides very useful information that decides the necessity for separating the climate and human influences to the streamflow changes to find the most influencing factor.

Introduction

Exopraxis—a term for religious practices in places of worship associated with a religion not one’s own—is often associated with heteropraxis, a term for unorthodox religious practices. Heteropraxes, which may be shared by members of more than one religion, can diverge so widely from the orthopraxy and even orthodoxy of a dominant religion that government authorities will make strenuous attempts to suppress them. In Muslim Turkey, a growing proportion of the supporters of Sunni orthodoxy regard the veneration of certain trees, stones, natural springs, and resting places of saintly persons and relics as forms of idolatry (şirk), heresy (bid’at), or superstition (hurāfe). Alevi heteropraxis at such sites of wild piety are often accompanied by Sunni exopraxis. Heteropraxis and exopraxis do not everywhere or completely overlap, argues this introduction to a cluster of articles on exopraxis, but exopraxis is generally tolerant of, if not drawn to, heteropraxis.

Natural springs’ protection and probabilistic risk assessment under uncertain conditions

<p>We introduce, develop and test a novel Groundwater Probabilistic Risk Model, GPRM, aimed at assessing (and preventing) negative issues related to water resources management and exploitation. We apply GPRM to a highly heterogeneous regional field case, located in Northern Italy. Different risk pathways are presented formally forming a fault tree model, which enables identification of all basic events contributing to an (undesired) system failure. The latter is quantified in terms of depletion of a natural springs system representing a key feature of the considered groundwater system. The proposed GPRM allows to include the effect of multiple sources of uncertainty in our knowledge and description of the system on the evaluation of the overall probability of system failure due to different pumping schemes. In this context, we consider two probabilistic models based on different reconstruction of the aquifer geological structure. In each conceptual model, hydraulic conductivity associated with the geomaterials composing the aquifer and the boundary conditions are affected by uncertainty. Our results demonstrate that the application of GPRM to the field case allows (i) to quantify the risk associated with springs depletion due to increasing exploitation of the aquifer; (ii) to quantify how different sources of uncertainty (conceptual model uncertainty and model parameters’ uncertainty) affects this risk; (iii) to determine the optimal pumping scheme; and (iv) to identify the most vulnerable springs, where depletion first occurs.</p>