Shaping the city (c. AD 52–60)

This chapter describes how London was rebuilt in a major phase of urban redesign likely to date c. AD 52, perhaps when an earlier supply-base was converted into a city. This involved a significant degree of cadastral reform. These works were probably initiated by the governor Didius Gallus. Busy construction programmes of the 50s involved the introduction of a new street grid, London’s first waterfront revetments, warehouses around the forum, and new bathhouses on the borders of town. A sacred precinct may also have been established around natural springs on a hillside overlooking the town. London’s first suburbs were established, and included workshops built and used following pre-Roman technologies. The contrast presented by these unusual and peripheral sites is used to argue the marginal status of British communities within the Roman city. A further programme of urban expansion dating c. AD 60 is also described.

Geomorphology, Mineralogy, and Geochronology of Mare Basalts and Non-Mare Materials around the Lunar Crisium Basin

The Nectarian-aged Crisium basin exhibits an extremely thin crust and complicated lunar geological history. This large multi-ring impact basin is characterized by prolonged lunar volcanism ranging from the Imbrian age to the Eratosthenian period, forming the high-Ti mare unit, low-Ti mare basalts, and very low-Ti mare unit. We produced an updated geological map of the Crisium basin and defined four mare units (Im1: 3.74 Ga; Im2: 3.49 Ga; Im3: 3.56 Ga; EIm: 2.49 Ga) in terms of distinct composition and mineralogy. Olivine was widely determined in the Ti-rich Im1, implying the hybridization source in the lunar mantle with the occurrence of small-scale convective overturn. The major phase of low-Ti basaltic volcanism occurred c.a. 3.5 Ga, forming Im2 and Im3 in the western area. The youngest mare unit (EIm) has slight variations of pyroxene compositions, implying a decrease of calcic content of basaltic volcanisms with time. Later, distal material transports from large impact events in highlands could complicate the mixing of local mare basalts in the Copernicus age, especially the Im3 unit. The identified olivine-bearing outcrops and widely Mg-rich materials (Mg# > 70, where Mg# = molar 100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe)) in the western highlands, assumed to be the occurrence of the Mg-suite candidates, require future lunar exploration missions to validate.

Late Holocene Hydro-Climate Variability in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Spatial Multi-Proxy Approach

A total of thirteen (13) paleoclimatic coastal and hinterland archives of the broader eastern Mediterranean region were collected and examined statistically in search of underlying trends for the period 2800 to 200 BP. For each archive, a proxy record representative of hydro-climatic changes was selected, normalized using z-factors to facilitate intercomparison, and analyzed statistically. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed using a clustering analysis (HCA) and dimension reduction (PCA), which led to groupings of similar records temporally, and allowed the identification of spatially underlying modes of variability. Two main modes of variability were identified, further supporting complex trajectories of paleoclimatic evolution in the region. The first mode was identified for sites presenting a trend from a wetter to an overall drier phase, with respective changes at major phase shifts at 1400 BP and 1100 BP. All sites were from the southern and northern Balkan region, as well as southwestern Turkey. A contrasting dry to wet trend was identified for a site in the Peloponnese (Greece) and the Levant, with a major phase shift at around 750 BP. The inclusion of different proxies from very different environmental settings and the 200-year window has complicated the connection of established short-term climatic events to the study’s findings.

High purity hematite (Fe2O3) from beach sands for soft ferrite magnetic materials application

Actually, the potential and deposites are rich and spread in many place, but the process from raw material to industrial product is not optimal yet. In this work, the manufacture of iron sand was done using direct reduction technique by compact coals as reductor. The carbon compound of coals were using for releasing oxide in magnetite compounds (Fe3O4) of iron sand, so it could be transformed to Fe phase. The iron sand was firstly milled using high energy ball mill (HEBM) for 0, 10, 20, and 40 hours. Then the iron sands samples were mixed with coals, bentonite and compacted using hydraulic press. Then, loaded into furnace and sintered at 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. As the results, it was identified (using XRF) that the major phase was Fe2O3 (75.40 %). Consistent with XRF results, the phase composition observation by using XRD was shown that the major phase of sample was Fe2O3 (hematite). It was also shown that the crystallite size of the sample was around 8 nm, as calcultaed using Scherrer formula. The magnetic behavior investigation was showed that the decreasing in magnetic saturation value (Ms) and remanent (Br) and followed by increasing the coercivity value (Hc).

Effect of electrical poling on the structural, dielectric and photoluminescence properties of small concentration of Ho+3 substituted NBT

The effect of electrical poling on the room temperature structural, dielectric and photoluminescence properties of small concentration (i.e. 0.5 mole%) of Ho+3 substituted sodium bismuth titanate ferroelectric material (Na0.5Bi0.495Ho0.005TiO3 abbreviated as NBT-0.5Ho) has been investigated. Its crystal structure was found to be the mixture of two phases of rhombohedral (R3c) and monoclinic (Cc) in which monoclinic (Cc) coexisted as major phase. Comparative study of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of electrically poled and unpoled specimens of NBT-0.5Ho revealed that electric field irreversibly transformed crystal structural of dominant Cc (≈-94.05% phase fraction) phase to R3c (≈70.6% phase fraction) as major phase. Dielectric value and its dispersion with frequency were significantly decreased in poled specimen which is ascribed to electric field driven structural change. Two photoluminescence (PL) emissions at 655nm and 756nm were obtained in NBT-0.5Ho. PL intensity was considerably tuned in effect of electrical poling in term of quenching. Obtain quenching is correlated with induced structural ordering towards higher symmetry phase (R3c) in effect of electric poling which is confirmed from XRD analysis. Obtained additional functionality of photoluminescence in the NBT-0.5Ho ferroelectric material and its tuning in effect of electric field opens the possibility in the material for optoelectronic devices applications.

Simple and Rapid Method for Wogonin Preparation and Its Biotransformation

Wogonin is one of the most active flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (baikal skullcap), widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. It exhibits a broad spectrum of health-promoting and therapeutic activities. Together with baicalein, it is considered to be the one of main active ingredients of Chinese medicines for the management of COVID-19. However, therapeutic use of wogonin may be limited due to low market availability connected with its low content in baikal skullcap and lack of efficient preparative methods for obtaining this compound. Although the amount of wogonin in skullcap root often does not exceed 0.5%, this material is rich in wogonin glucuronide, which may be used as a substrate for wogonin production. In the present study, a rapid, simple, cheap and effective method of wogonin and baicalein preparation, which provides gram quantities of both flavonoids, is proposed. The obtained wogonin was used as a substrate for biotransformation. Thirty-six microorganisms were tested in screening studies. The most efficient were used in enlarged scale transformations to determine metabolism of this xenobiotic. The major phase I metabolism product was 4’-hydroxywogonin—a rare flavonoid which exhibits anticancer activity—whereas phase II metabolism products were glucosides of wogonin. The present studies complement and extend the knowledge on the effect of substitution of A- and B-ring on the regioselective glycosylation of flavonoids catalyzed by microorganisms.

X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF MRITYUNJAYA RASA

Introduction: Mrityunjaya Rasa is a Herbo-Mineral formulation, mentioned in Jwara Chikitsa along with various Anupana like Madhu, Aardraka Swarasa, and Jeeraka Kashaya with Guda. Ingredients like Shudha Hingula, Shudha Gandhaka, Shudha Vatsanabha, Shudha Tankana, Pippali and Maricha with properties of Tikta, Katu Rasa Teekshna Guna and Deepana-Pachana, Swedajanana, Yogavahi and Jwaraghna action show the significant result on various types of fever. To attain desired qualities in the finished product, it is much needed to check efficacy on modern parameters for standardization purposes. Thus, Mrityunjaya Rasa was subjected to X- ray diffraction spectroscopy to ensure SOPs followed for preparation. Aim: The study aimed to analyse the results of X-ray diffraction spectroscopy of Mrityunjaya Rasa. Materials and Methods: X-ray diffraction spectroscopy of Mrityunjaya Rasa was carried out at MIT–central instrumentation facility – innovation centre, Manipal, Udupi. Results: XRD study indicates that Mrityunjaya Rasa contains HgS (cinnabar), mercury sulphide in major phase and borax and elements Na, Ca, Mn, Mg, K, P, Zn, C, Cl2, Fe and B in minor phase. Conclusions: Mrityunjaya Rasa contains HgS (cinnabar), mercury sulphide in major phase and borax and other elements like Na, Ca, Mn, Mg, K, P, Zn, C, Cl2, Fe, and B are also present. Compounds and elements are present due to ingredients and Shodhana media which were used. This study can be a path for establishing the thumbprint of SOP for Mrityunjaya Rasa, a herbomineral compound formulation. Keywords: Mrityunjaya Rasa, XRD, HgS, S, Borax, Na, Ca, Mn etc.

Intrusion Induced Global Warming Preceding Continental Flood Basalt Volcanism

Temporal correlations between continental flood basalt eruptions and mass extinctions are well known 1. Massive carbon degassing from volcanism of Large Igneous Provinces can cause catastrophic global climatic and biotic perturbations 1–3. However, recent more accurate dating of the Deccan Traps 4 and Columbia River Basalts 5 challenges this causal link by showing that global warming preceded the major phase of flood basalts eruptions by several hundred thousand years. Here, we argue that major eruptions of continental flood basalts may require densification of the crust by intrusion of larger volumes of magma than are extruded. Simple models show that magma crystallization and release of CO2 from such intrusions could produce global warming before the main phase of flood basalt eruptions on the observed timescale. Being consistent with many geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimate data, our model suggests that the evolving crustal density has a first order control on timing of the major phase of continental flood basalt volcanism while the preceding intrusion induced underground degassing of CO2 plays a significant role in controlling the Earth's climate and habitability.

Green Cloud Computing: E-Commerce Case Study

Cloud computing is getting probably the most objective, purpose, and dreams in most IT organizations on account of the advantages they are getting by relocating their advancements into it like expense and asset sparing. Green blurring processing is turning into a significant pattern with a solid relationship with distributed computing. It is about green and productivity that won't just prompt a superior business yet in addition a superior world. This paper will discuss a major phase of the software development life cycle, which is an arrangement, and how the selection of sending computerization is superior to the manual one particularly in a manner to make your cloud green.

Phase, Microstructural Characterization and Beneficiation of Iron Ore by Shaking Table

To know about the nature of gangue associated with the ores, characterization has become an integral part in mineral processing and beneficiation, therefore, the as-mined iron ore collected from Karak region of KP has been characterized for its phase, microstructure and chemical composition via XRD, SEM and EDS respectively. Beneficiation of the iron ore has been carried out by shaking table and magnetic separator. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of iron oxide (Fe203) as the major phase along with quartz (Si02) as the minor phase. Finely grinded iron ore powder of 100 (149 µm) and 200 (74 µm) mesh sizes were passed via shaking table and magnetic separator subsequently. The iron ore was successfully upgraded from 28.27 wt.% to 36.51 wt.% at 100 mesh and 38.70 wt.% at 200 mesh via shaking table, thus achieving a maximum of 10% upgraded iron ore. The magnetic separator did not become so effective due to non- magnetic nature of hematite.