Estimation of Sediments in Rengali Reservoir, Odisha (India) Using Remote Sensing

Reservoir sedimentation is a regular process and sequential path of sedimentation in reservoirs comprising of erosion, entrainment, transference, deposition and compaction of dregs carried into artificial lakes formed behind the dams. India houses 5334 large dams in function (2329 numbers before 1980) and 411 dams are in pipeline. The Rengali dam, functioned from 1984, that traps 50% of the total sediment load of the Brahmani River continues to thwart the growth and buffering of the Brahmani delta. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) have emerged as powerful tools to create spatial inventory on Hydro-Bio-geo resources and the state of the environment. The RS/GIS and process-based modelling employed in spatial and dynamic assessment of loss in live storage of the reservoir by developing contour, aspect and slope map by using data received from LANDSAT sources. The sedimentation of the Rengali reservoir (functional from 1984) studied for three decades 1990-2000; 2000-2010 and 2010- 2020 by constructing contour, aspect and water spread area maps by using web based data (satellite downloads). The web based water spread area data analysed by GIS tool for integration, spatial analysis, and visual presentations. The results revealed that the decadal rate of sedimentation of Rengali reservoir is reducing with age. An appropriate reservoir operation and management system as per defined protocols considering sediment related problems is essential for controlling the ageing processes that may diminish the safety and shorten the reservoir life.

The Effect of Purification Units for Drinking Water Spread in Al-Alam and Al-Bu Ajil on Heavy Metals

The current study was carried out on the treatment and treatment units located in the district of Al-Alam and the village of Al-Bu Ajil, which are located near the Tigris River, with two stations for each region for the period from September 2020 to February 2021, as two samples were collected for each treatment unit by a sample before treatment and a sample after treatment. Iron values ??ranged between (0-0.9) mg / liter before and after treatment, and they ranged between (0-0.05) mg / liter, and zinc values ??were recorded values ??ranging between (0-0.9) mg / liter. Before treatment and after treatment, it ranged between (0-0.05) mg / liter, while the aluminum values ??were relatively few, as values ??ranged between (0.03_0) mg / liter. As for the values ??after treatment, they were (0) mg / liter. Cadmium values ??were between (0,1_0) mg / liter. In the samples after treatment also, all values ??were (0) mg / liter in all stations, and the nickel values ??ranged between (0,9_0) mg / liter in the samples before treatment and after treatment. The values ??were all (0) mg / liter in both stations, and the copper values ??were very low in the mentioned areas, as values ??ranged between (0.1_0) mg / liter before treatment and after treatment, the values ??were (0) mg / liter. In both stations, the purification plants proved their high efficiency in filtering water from heavy elements, and the samples after treatment were in conformity with the Iraqi standards for drinking water. It is worth noting that the purification plants in the areas of Al-Alam and Al-Bu Ajil need a constant monthly maintenance and a replacement process for the filters as they draw their water from wells.

WATER SPREAD TEST ON IOT (Internet of Things) BASED AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

This research is intended to determine the performance of the tools in the sprinkler irrigation system using controls (android). This activity was carried out in an experimental garden in the laboratory Enviro-Hydro of the Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Islamic Malang, covering an area of 80 m². There are two variables used as a reference for sprinkler performance, namely automatic and manual with each valve opening 45°-90°, on 4 sprinklers installed on the land with a distance of 1 m each other. Water flows from 2 tadons that are placed parallel. The method used to analyze the data using the T test which compares the observation results of water distribution from automatic and manual sprinkler openings. The results of measuring the distribution of automatic and manual sprinkler water show that the results are not much different, only a difference of 1% so that the performance of both automatic and manual sprinklers has not different results.

George Berkeley’s Tar-water Medicine

In his last major book, Siris (1744), the philosopher George Berkeley proposed tar-water as a universal medicine, suggesting that he had found a panacea. Shortly after its publication, Siris became immensely popular and tar-water spread all around Europe and even reached America. The aim of this article is to present Berkeley’s ideas about tar-water as a medicine with a particular focus on the origins of tar-water in Berkeley’s thinking and its alleged medical effects. Berkeley conceived of tar-water as at one end of a chain, with God at the other end. I reconstruct this chain, excluding from the examination the last parts, related to metaphysics and theology. Furthermore, relying on eighteenth-century letters, books and pamphlets, I briefly introduce the conditions leading Berkeley to start experimenting with tar-water as well as the context and the so called “pamphlet war” following the publication of Siris.

Present status of fish farming and pond conditions from Basti and Gonda districts, Uttar Pradesh

Fish ponds operate as an open ecological system where natural and technological processes are built on one another and are implemented in a non-separable way. Pond fish farms contribute to preserve biodiversity. In both districts the composite fish culture technology is commonly followed for fish farming with six species combination i.e. Indian Major Carps (IMC) i.e. Catla, Rohu and Mrigal (Nain) and Exotic Major Carps (EMC) i.e. Silver carp, Grass carp and Common carp. There are 14 blocks in Basti district in which 3848 number of ponds are found. These ponds cover 1040.42 ha of water spread area. There are 16 blocks in Gonda district. The number of ponds is 4471 with water spread area of 3706.86 ha. The total productions of fishes are 1800 ton/year in Basti district while 3850 ton/year in Gonda district. The average productions are 2800 kg/ha/ year and 3000 kg/ha/year in Basti and Gonda districts, respectively. The data indicated that the Gonda district have more potential in fish production compared to Basti district. The maximum ponds were of less than 1 hectare in both districts. The respondents were 68% in Basti district and 76% in Gonda District. 82% and 70% respondents have leased pond in Basti and Gonda districts, respectively. Gonda district has more potential for fishing in future.