Putting in Check the Brazilian Moves in the Climate Chessboard

This paper discusses Brazil’s role in climate governance, methodologically and metaphorically comparing it to chess pieces moves, based on national and regional official documents, commitments and data. Unlike other IR studies, our proposal suggests different behaviours at different levels of analysis for the same country. Nationally, the country played the role of pawn. Regionally, there is no unitary behaviour: in international cooperation (carbon pricing case), it moves like a queen; in the regional integration process (energy integration case), like a king. The current scenario raises doubts about these roles, suggesting that Brazil has been presenting an increasingly moderate and conservative behaviour in the past years.

Rhenium distribution and behaviour in the salinity gradient of a highly stratified estuary

<p>In oxic waters, Re<sup>VII </sup>is the stable oxidation state which undergo hydrolysis to the relatively unreactive perrhenate ion, Re<sup>VII</sup>O<sub>4</sub><sup>- [1]</sup>. The oceanic dissolved Re exhibits quite conservative behaviour with the concentration of about 40 pM <sup>[2]</sup>. Despite the frequent utilization of Re for the atmosphere and the ocean past redox state reconstructions, the geochemical behaviour of Re in the modern surface environments such as rivers, estuaries as well as in seawater is not well studied. Understudy is partially arising from the fact that Re has low seawater and riverine concentration of 4 pM and 16.5 pM, respectively<sup></sup><sup>[1, 3]</sup>. In the Amazon and the Hudson estuaries, in crease of Re concentration at low and middle salinity regions is observed<sup> [4]</sup>. On the other hand, Re exhibits complete conservative behaviour in Indian river estuaries, i.e. Narmada, Tapi and the Mandovi estuaries in the Arabian Sea and the Hooghly estuary in the Bay of Bengal <sup>[5]</sup>. Deviation from conservative behaviour in Re can be explained as the interplay of variety of factors including the nature and composition of the particles, Eh-pH conditions, biological productivity and fate of the organic matter. <sup>[5]</sup>.</p><p>Here we present the Re concentration profiles in the freshwater part of the karstic Krka river (Croatia) and its 23 km long estuarine segment, covering a full salinity range (0.1 to 38.6). Analysis of Re was performed by its preconcentration and separation using an anion exchange resin (Dowex 1X8) followed with the ICP-MS quantification using isotope dilution (ID) method. The Krka River spring is characterised by the low Re concentration (~6 pM). A noticeable anthropogenic influence at the point of the wastewater discharge of the Knin town was observed (27 pM). This input probably caused a progressive downstream increase of Re concentration to 12 pM at the freshwater end-member in the winter period (with a high Krka River discharge) and 17 pM in the summer period (low Krka River discharge). In the estuarine segment, a near-conservative behaviour of Re was found, with the "oceanic" concentration of 38 pM in the seawater end-member.</p><p> </p><p>References:</p><p>[1] Hasse AA et al., (2019) Coordination chemistry reviews 394: 135-161.</p><p>[2] Anbar AD et al., (1992) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta<strong> </strong>56:4099-4103.</p><p>[3] Miller CA et al., (2011) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75:7146-7179.</p><p>[4] Colodner D et al., (1993) Earth and Planetary Science Letters 117:205-221.</p><p>[5] Rahaman W and Singh SK (2010) Marine Chemistry 118: 1-10.</p>

Radical Conservatives II

This chapter continues the evaluation of ideas about property amongst radical conservatives. The focus is on three English writers: William Cobbett, G. K. Chesterton, and Hilaire Belloc. They all condemned recent changes in the property order in Britain and called for radical reform to reverse it. Cobbett was concerned above all with the disruption to an established, paternalistic property order in the countryside, which disruption he associated, above all, with a new commercial order, paper money, and excessive taxation. He wished to see the old, and benign, property regime in agricultural areas re-established. Chesterton and Belloc were also hostile to commercialism and ‘new money’. They advocated a radical redistribution of private property and were associated with a political movement designed to achieve this, distributism. For them, property was a conservative principle and encouraged conservative behaviour—but only when widely distributed. This required a radical redistribution—and it might take a revolution to achieve it.

Origin and 87Rb–87Sr age of porewaters in low permeability Ordovician sediments on the eastern flank of the Michigan Basin, Tiverton, Ontario, Canada

Porewater extractions and acid leachates of rock core from a 250 m thick sequence of low-permeability Ordovician-age shales and limestones, on the eastern flank of the Michigan Basin, were analysed for strontium isotope ratios in an attempt to infer porewater ages from observed 87Sr/86Sr enrichments. The porewaters originated as Ordovician seawater, which subsequently mixed with evaporated Silurian seawater infiltrating from above, and, to some extent, with a deep brine—with an enriched 87Sr/86Sr signature—from the underlying crystalline shield or deep basin. The porewater 87Sr/86Sr ratios are more radiogenic than contemporaneous seawater but show no obvious correlation to those leached from the solid rock phases. Accepting that the initial 87Sr/86Sr signatures in porewaters were dominated by Late Silurian brine, potentially with an additional deep brine component, the excess of radiogenic 87Sr appears to represent ingrowth from 87Rb decay over a time span of some 420 million years, approaching the depositional age of the rocks. Similarly, Rb/Sr errochron ages of acid leachates of solid phases, and the calculated initial 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios, are consistent with a proposition that the calcites inherited their Sr from Ordovician seawater and were dolomitized shortly afterwards by infiltrating Mg-enriched evaporative brine, indicating long-term conservative behaviour for the enclosing carbonate rocks. The errochron for leachates from (alumino)silicates yields a high initial 87Sr/86Sr, but with an errochron age of about 340 ± 48 Ma, likely owing to variable admixtures of diagenetic illite in the shales. Overall, the data provide evidence for a stable hydrologic regime since Paleozoic time.

Studies of dissolved carbohydrates (or carbohydrate - like subtances) in an estuarine environment

Variations in concentrations of dissolved sugars were studied along the salinity gradient of a smallestuary (Elorn, Bay of Brest, France) from February 1985 to January 1986. Total dissolved carbohydrate(TDCHO) and dissolved monosaccharides (MCHO) were measured by the methods of Burneyand Sieburth and Johnson and Sieburth respectively. It must be noted that these methods cannotdistinguish between carbohydrates and carbohydrate-like substances; consequently, these methodsprobably do not closely reflect biologically available pools of carbohydrates. In the river, TDCHO andMCHO values ranged from 230 to 970 /ig C 1"' and from 75 to 450 ngC\-^ respectively. In theestuary, TDCHO and MCHO were usually lower; they varied respectively from 20 to 570 /zg C 1~'and from 0 to 180/ig C1 '. In June, some TDCHO values were much higher, probably because somepolysaccharide was produced at this time by phytoplankton excretion or lysis.The relationship between Cl%o and TDCHO was dependent on the seasons. TDCHO was conservativein autumn, winter and early spring. TDCHO and DOC concentrations were fairly well correlatedduring the same period. Similar results have been previously reported by various workers. MCHOand TDCHO concentrations were well correlated throughout this study except in June. From theseresults, it was concluded that most dissolved carbohydrates were linked to a conservative fraction ofthe organic matter in periods of low biological activity, whereas newly biosynthesised carbohydrateswere responsible for non-conservative behaviour.

Studies of dissolved carbohydrates (or carbohydrate-like substances) in an estuarine environment

Variations in concentrations of dissolved sugars were studied along the salinity gradient of a smallestuary (Elorn, Bay of Brest, France) from February 1985 to January 1986. Total dissolved carbohydrate(TDCHO) and dissolved monosaccharides (MCHO) were measured by the methods of Burneyand Sieburth and Johnson and Sieburth respectively. It must be noted that these methods cannotdistinguish between carbohydrates and carbohydrate-like substances; consequently, these methodsprobably do not closely reflect biologically available pools of carbohydrates. In the river, TDCHO andMCHO values ranged from 230 to 970 /ig C 1"' and from 75 to 450 ngC\-^ respectively. In theestuary, TDCHO and MCHO were usually lower; they varied respectively from 20 to 570 /zg C 1~'and from 0 to 180/ig C1 '. In June, some TDCHO values were much higher, probably because somepolysaccharide was produced at this time by phytoplankton excretion or lysis.The relationship between Cl%o and TDCHO was dependent on the seasons. TDCHO was conservativein autumn, winter and early spring. TDCHO and DOC concentrations were fairly well correlatedduring the same period. Similar results have been previously reported by various workers. MCHOand TDCHO concentrations were well correlated throughout this study except in June. From theseresults, it was concluded that most dissolved carbohydrates were linked to a conservative fraction ofthe organic matter in periods of low biological activity, whereas newly biosynthesised carbohydrateswere responsible for non-conservative behaviour.