Formulation of Biodegreaser Made from Palm Oil Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant with Oxalic Acid Additive

The development of bio degreaser made from palm oil surfactant aims to substitute bio degreaser made from petroleum surfactant which is less environmentally friendly. The development was carried out by formulating palm methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant with oxalic acid as metal or non-metal cleaning agent. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best concentration of oxalic acid in the bio degreaser formulation. The concentrations of oxalic acid tested were 7, 8, and 9%. The best concentration of oxalic acid was determined based on the results of characteristic tests and detergency tests, namely 7% oxalic acid concentration. The resulting bio degreaser product has a pH of 1.6; viscosity 1.39 cp; specific gravity of 1.012; surface tension 32 dyne/cm and detergency power 84%. Furthermore, the resulting bio degreaser was added with Diethanolamioda (DEA) surfactant. The purpose of adding DEA surfactant is to increase the pH and lower the surface tension. The formulation results showed an increase in pH from 1.6 to 3.2 and a decrease in surface tension from 31.97 dyne/cm to 28.70 dyne/cm. In addition, there was an increase in viscosity from 1.39 cp to 1.62 cp and specific gravity from 1.012 to 1.018.

Formulation of Biodegreaser Made from Palm Oil Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant with Oxalic Acid Additive

The development of bio degreaser made from palm oil surfactant aims to substitute bio degreaser made from petroleum surfactant which is less environmentally friendly. The development was carried out by formulating palm methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant with oxalic acid as metal or non-metal cleaning agent. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best concentration of oxalic acid in the bio degreaser formulation. The concentrations of oxalic acid tested were 7, 8, and 9%. The best concentration of oxalic acid was determined based on the results of characteristic tests and detergency tests, namely 7% oxalic acid concentration. The resulting bio degreaser product has a pH of 1.6; viscosity 1.39 cp; specific gravity of 1.012; surface tension 32 dyne/cm and detergency power 84%. Furthermore, the resulting bio degreaser was added with Diethanolamioda (DEA) surfactant. The purpose of adding DEA surfactant is to increase the pH and lower the surface tension. The formulation results showed an increase in pH from 1.6 to 3.2 and a decrease in surface tension from 31.97 dyne/cm to 28.70 dyne/cm. In addition, there was an increase in viscosity from 1.39 cp to 1.62 cp and specific gravity from 1.012 to 1.018.

Friction Analysis Of Waste Palm Methyl Ester (WPME) Under Stribeck Lubrication Regimes

This paper aims to investigate the tribological friction using the Stribeck curve lubrication regime using an alternative source of biodiesel. Replacement of current usage of fossil fuels is essential, therefore, it is important to develop a proper recycling, renewable and sustainable product that reduces global warming. Biodiesel also known as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME), is biodegradable, produced from a renewable source, non-toxic, and produces a minimum greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce raw material cost, waste cooking oil is one of the most suitable replacements of vegetable oil for biodiesel synthesis. Rheological behavior of Waste Palm Methyl Ester (WPME), such as kinematic viscosity, density, and acid value, was measured based on EN14214 and compared with Palm Methyl Ester (PME). The friction performance of WPME was evaluated using a pin on the disc tribometer machine. The influence of different operating conditions such as loads at 1kg, 2kg, 3kg and 4kg and sliding velocity range from 0.00625 m/s to 4 m/s were optimized in this study. The preliminary result shows significant changes on the Stribeck curve concerning the sliding speed and also loads. It is found that as for the same entrainment velocity and surface roughness, a higher load will initiate a higher temperature, thus lead to decreasing the viscosity and coefficient of friction. In summary, WPME is highly considered as a potential waste that can replace the current energy source.