Feeling Joint Ownership of Agency: The Normative Aspect of Agency Transformation

Team reasoning is the idea that we can think as a ‘we’ and this can solve some coordination dilemmas, such as Hi-Lo. However, team reasoning can only solve the dilemmas it is intended to solve if the conditions for team reasoning warrant the belief that others will also perform team reasoning and these conditions cannot render team reasoning otiose. In this paper, I will supplement the theory of team reasoning by explaining how agency transformation also involves a change in the normative attitude. To do this, I will use the theory of affordances, which is the idea that the environment provides ways to interact with it. I will argue that when a person perceives as a group member, she associates herself and the other members with the group’s mosaic of affordances. This triggers a feeling of joint ownership of the agency. It is the feeling that it is up to us to deal with the situation, so we feel entitled to demand each other to cooperate. It warrants the belief that others are team-reasoners without rendering team reasoning otiose. This means that the agency transformation (from I to we) involves a change in the normative attitude.

Rock-Culture as a Method of Entering into Post-Industrial Culture

Rock-music and rock-culture, which is formed on its basis, are methods of entering into culture of post-industrial society described by D. Bell, E. Toffler, F. Fukuyama and others. The correlation between rock-culture and post-industrial culture is established in the aspects of values, rules, practices and identities. In rock culture we can see the formation of the following values: creativity, initiative and individualism. Independence of creativity becomes an ethic imperative. It is more important than techniques and professionalism, which are characteristic of industrial culture. Exaggerated prevalence of innovation over playing tradition strengthens the status and role of the author striving for the permanent re-creation of his own image and style. Another quality, which helps rock culture penetrate into postindustrial society, is assimilation of daily routine by creative activity. This factor initiates consciousness emancipation and breakdown of hierarchical social structures. Rock-culture, as well as post-industrial society, experiences decentralization, de-synchronization and de-standardization. Such social-cultural disorder correlates with marginalization of rock-culture. It forms amateurism as a normative attitude that is opposed to professionalism. Finally the above-mentioned changes entail the collapse of the existing “big” identities, which are substituted by “small group” identities in rock-culture characterized by small potential for internalization. This change of identities, their overlapping triggers the formation of mental plurality, tolerance to mutually exclusive values, normative settings, practices and symbols. Mental pluralism allows a person to change quickly life strategies, respond to external challenges. The stable boundaries between private and public, between art and everyday life are being destroyed in the rock-culture. At the same time, the author highlights the fact that within rock culture entering post-industrial culture is carried out by non-linear way, with expenses and contradictions.

Melancholy either children of Polish Saturn

The article has a double task, considering the content of Mira Marcinуw’s book, which is important in two controversial topics: madness and its conditions on Poland and its societal psyche, in particular the specifics of Polish melancholy. The author’s views on the status of melancholy in culture and its unique position in public life are presented. The question is: does the melancholic doubt his life? A fairly justified hypothesis would be that the melancholic sees himself as a dead rather than a living body. The significance of the quoted book is that it raises troubling questions but doesn’t give easy answers. First of all, it becomes obvious an unclear – how to develop the epistemological history of melancholy, which is understood as a scientific idea that seeks coherence and adequacy of the medicine language while the political history of melancholy is interpreted as a symptom of this sociocultural context, in this case in relation to Poland. Science in this case creates or selects concepts, although it always systematizes them in a certain place and time. Secondly, it is not clear today how to distinguish the language of melancholy itself, which is the language element of the emergency state, from the language of medicine, which is a means of describing a certain medical disorder. Medicine to a greater extent than we might think refers to normality than to the problematic concept of health. Medicine, while managing human life, adopts a normative attitude, which does not amount to providing advice on how to live wisely, but allows to influence the physical and moral relations of citizens that connect them with society. Thirdly, it is argued that the very concept of melancholy remains dynamic and changeable. The proposed “erotic constellation of melancholy” shows that the subject of melancholy loses the ability to find new objects of love. This incapacity simultaneously leads a person to open nihilism, which is not only the “nothingness of the will” and the usual “will of nothingness”, but also the discovery of the nothingness of knowledge and the futility of the cognition process. The inability to find items worth loving is due to the difficulty of finding items worth the effort to know. Thus, the causes of melancholy go beyond the trivial case of loss and cover all resentments, rejections, failures, disappointments, including despair in the process of cognition. Melancholy brings the subject to ruin, so it is the limit of all medical knowledge, stating that there is no secret of «disorder» in clinical cognition, that there is no secret of madness, and that there is nothing but the study of madness itself. It turns out that madness is recognition of nothingness of the world.

SIKAP, NORMA SUBJEKTIF DAN KONTROL KEPRILAKUAN PRAKTIK PEMBIAYAAN NASABAH KOPERASI SYARIAH di KABUPATEN BOGOR

<p><em>This study aims to measure the normative attitude and behavior sharia cooperative customers in Bogor District. This type of research is a quantitative research. The data used using primary data through questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that attitudes and norms of belief have a significant or positive influence on customers' intentions to finance the sharia financial services cooperative in Bogor. Other results achieved by sharia cooperatives must improve performance to give more impression of honesty and what is in accordance with religious sharia. Where the advantages of sharia names will be more prominent than the conventional name, it is also to improve trust, evaluation, motivation and behavior of customers in financing the sharia financial services cooperatives. So that the financing intentions in accordance with the sharia can be realized properly.</em></p>

PRADIGMA EPISTEMOLOGI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM (Kajian tentang Problematika dan Solusi Alternatif Epistemologi dalam Filsafat Pendidikan)

The aim of this study is to discuss about the problem of epistemology of Islamic education that is not clear for still being considered following the epistemology of the West. The development of Islamic education and science still has an ambiguous attitude. Firstly, when looking at the findings of educational theories from the West and the East, it tends to be accepted without criticism by seeking arguments from the Quran and Hadith which sometimes tend to be irrelevant. Secondly, it is a very normative attitude in the face of the arguments of the Quran and Hadith instead of going through the stages of in-depth analysis. Both method and type of this study are commonly related to a study of literature, which displays the arguments of scientific reasoning that describe the results of literature review and researchers’ point of view concerning the epistemology of islamic education. Focus of the study is remain exploring and analyzing the problems and alternative solutions of epistemology in the Islamic education philosophy. This kind of study contains or delves into the idea of related propositions and should be supported by data or information obtained from literatures. With the foundation of qualitative and rationalistic philosophy. The results show that the epistemological approach requires a certain way or method, because it presents the process of knowledge of students rather than the result itself. This epistemological approach provides a complete understanding and skill. Those who know the process of any activity must know the outcome. Conversely, many know the outcome but do not know the process. Keywords: Epistemology, Islamic Education, problems and alternative solutions of epistemology

Rule-Following, Meaning, and Primitive Normativity

This paper explores the prospects for using the notion of a primitive normative attitude in responding to the sceptical argument about meaning developed in chapter 2 of Saul Kripke’s Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. It takes as its stalking-horse the response to Kripke’s Wittgenstein developed in a recent series of important works by Hannah Ginsborg. The paper concludes that Ginsborg’s attempted solution fails for a number of reasons: it depends on an inadequate response to Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s ‘finitude’ objection to reductive dispositionalism; it erroneously rejects the idea that a speaker’s understanding of an expression guides her use; it threatens to collapse into either full-blown non-reductionism or reductive dispositionalism; and there is no motive for accepting it over forms of non-reductionism such as those developed by Barry Stroud and John McDowell.