Intention Attribution in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An EEG Study

The ability to infer intentions from observed behavior and predict actions based on this inference, known as intention attribution (IA), has been hypothesized to be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The underlying neural processes, however, have not been conclusively determined. The aim of this study was to examine the neural signature of IA in children and adolescents with ASD, and to elucidate potential links to contextual updating processes using electroencephalography. Results did not indicate that IA or early contextual updating was impaired in ASD. However, there was evidence of aberrant processing of expectation violations in ASD, particularly if the expectation was based on IA. Results are discussed within the context of impaired predictive coding in ASD.

Islamic Music Therapy Through Sholawat Jibril Audio to Grow Self Acceptance in the Elderly

Lack of self-acceptance often occurs in someone who is old or elderly who has been abandoned by his wife or husband and left by their children who have built their own household. Islamic Music Therapy through audio Sholawat Jibril is a therapy that aims to calm the heart and always invites to increase spirituality by remembering Allah and Rasulullah SAW. This study uses a qualitative approach, namely the research phase that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words instead of numbers (non-statistical) from the people and observed behavior. Qualitative research is obtained from interviews, observations, documentation. Therefore, Islamic music therapy through audio Sholawat Jibril in the program for growing self-acceptance in the elderly is able to grow self-acceptance and positive things that will be very necessary for an effort to increase spiritual feelings in the elderly. With this prayer, it is possible for the elderly to be able to develop reduced self-acceptance due to the condition that they are old and their relatives who have left the elderly alone.

Attributing Inferred Causes and Explanations to Behavior

Behavior is a reflection of the intentions, attitudes, goals, beliefs, and desires of a person. These intra-individual factors are coordinated with what opportunities the situation affords and the perceived constraints placed on the person by their context and the norms of the culture they are in. Further, the intentions, attitudes, goals, beliefs, and desires of a person are often not known to them in any given moment, and because they reside within the mind of that person they are almost always not known to the people who are perceiving that person. To know anything about other people we must observe and identify/classify their behavior and then attribute to the observed behavior inferences and judgments about the internal states of that person serving as the motivating force behind their behavior. This entry explores this process of attribution. Heider described attribution as the process that determines “how one person thinks and feels about another person, how he perceives him and what he does to him, what he expects him to do or think, how he reacts to the actions of the other.” The entry explores the rules that people follow in order to make sense of behavior, and the rational versus non-rational nature of the procedure. Even when highly motivated to think rationally, this process can be biased, and flaws can appear in the attribution process, such as from chronic differences among perceivers due to culture, experience, or personality. How the process would unfold if accurate and purely rational is contrasted with how it unfolds when biased. How we feel, and how we choose to act, are derived from how we make sense of the world. Thus, attribution processes are foundational for understanding how we feel, for establishing expectations, and planning how to act in turn.

Perilaku Harian Ikan Timpakul (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) di Lingkungan Pasang Surut Desa Tanipah, Muara Sungai Barito, Kalimantan Selatan

Mangrove forests, which are tidal areas, are decreasing in size due to land conversion, causing P. schlosseri habitat to shrink. Daily behavior is important to know as initial information in conservation efforts. Observation of daily behavior was carried out using the scan sampling method. The observed behavior is moving behavior, including walking and swimming activities. Swimming is done with the head position above the water so that their eyes are not submerged in the water. P. schlosseri is outside the nest when high tide occurs. P. schlosseri interacted with each other at the edge of the nest and at the mouth of the nest in the morning and afternoon. P. schlosseri preys on crabs which are usually on the banks of the river at low tide in the morning.

Faktor Penyebab Kurangnya Minat Siswi SMP 08 Sawahunto Terhadap Olahraga Wushu

The problem in this research is the interest of SMP 08 Kota Sawahlunto students in Wushu. The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of SMP 08 Kota Sawahlunto students to be less interested in Wushu. This study uses qualitative research with descriptive methods. This research produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observed behavior. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. This research was conducted from July to August 2020 at SMP 08 Sawahlunto City, Lumindai village, district. Barangin. The population in this study were 76 of all female students of SMP 08 Kota Sawahlunto. Sampling using proportional random sampling amounted to 15 students of SMP 08 Kota Sawahlunto. Based on the results of the research, the causes of the lack of asking students for Wushu consisted of two factors; 1) external factors and 2) internal factors. External factors, a) Infrastructure (27%), b) Distance (13%), c) Hard Wushu sports (20%), d) Parents (27%), e) Trainers (27%). Internal factors, a) Pain (7%), b) Lack of confidence (7%), c) Doubt (7%), d) Experience (7%)

Verbal framing and statistical patterns influence children's attributions to situational, but not personal, causes for behavior

Adults from Western cultures attribute others’ behavior to personal causes more readily than situational causes; however, little research has explored the developmental origins of this attributional bias. Research has shown that children can use both the statistical patterns present in observed behavior, as well as the verbal framing of the behaviors, to infer personal causes. However, research has not explored whether children also use these factors to infer situational causes. The present study examined the impacts of statistical patterns and verbal framing on four- and six-year-old children’s (n = 218) attributions to personal and situational causes for behavior, as assessed by their explanations for characters’ interactions with toys. In a factorial design the statistical pattern of characters’ behaviors suggested either a personal or situational cause (or neither), and the experimenter’s verbal framing of the behaviors suggested either a personal or situational cause (or neither). Across age groups, children showed a bias toward providing personal explanations. Both statistical pattern and verbal framing influenced causal attributions, but both impacts were asymmetric such that situational cues increased situational explanations relative to neutral cues, but there was no difference in children’s explanations following personal and neutral cues. These results suggest that verbal framing and statistical patterns impact children’s developing social causal attributions, specifically with respect to situational causes, and also that a personal attribution bias emerges early in development.