Component Velocities and Turbulence Intensities within Ship Twin-Propeller Jet Using CFD and ADV

This study presents the decays of three components of velocity for a ship twin-propeller jet associated with turbulence intensities using the Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) measurement and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Previous research has shown that a single-propeller jet consists of a zone of flow establishment and a zone of established flow. Twin-propeller jets are more complex than single-propeller jets, and can be divided into zones with four peaks, two peaks, and one peak. The axial velocity distribution is the main contributor and can be predicted using the Gaussian normal distribution. The axial velocity decay is described by linear equations using the maximum axial velocity in the efflux plane. The tangential and radial velocity decays show linear and nonlinear distributions in different zones. The turbulence intensity increases locally in the critical position of the noninterference zone and the interference zone. The current research converts the axial momentum theory of a single propeller into twin-propeller jet theory with a series of equations used to predict the overall twin-propeller jet structure.

Формирование режима ударного давления в форме бегущей волны в нематических твистовых ячейках

The paper presents a numerical study, within a nonlinear generalization of the classical Ericksen–Leslie theory, of a new nonlinear mechanism for the formation of the regime of shock pressure on the boun-ding walls of a microsized twisted nematic cell (TNC), realized in the form of the kinklike traveling wave $$\mathcal{P}$$ ( z – $${v}t$$ ) under the effect of the externally applied electric field and induced by a strong local distribance of the director field in the form of a Gaussian (normal) distribution. The mechanisms responsible for the formation of the traveling wave of shock pressure propagating in the TNC from one of its boundaries to another are studied, and it is shown how the magnitude of the electric field and the shape of the localized initial perturbation of the director field affect the similarity of the traveling wave to the kinklike wave. Studies of the dynamic relaxation of the director field in TNCs also showed that, at temperatures exceeding the temperature for the nematic–smectic A (NA) T _NA phase transition by several dozen mK, fluctuations in the order parameter of the emerging smectic phase suppress the effect of the electric field and favor the singular behavior of the azimuthal anchoring energy density as T → T _NA.

Scour Induced by Single and Twin Propeller Jets

Single and twin ship propeller jets produce scour holes with deposition dune. The scour hole has a maximum depth at a particular length downstream within the propeller jet. Existing equations are available to predict maximum scour depth and the corresponding scour length downstream. Experiments conducted with various physical propeller models, rotational speeds, propeller-to-propeller distances and bed clearances are presented. The measurements allowed a better understanding of the mechanism of temporal scour and deposition formation for scour caused by single-propeller and twin-propeller. Results show that the propeller jet scour profiles can be divided into three zones, which are the small scour hole, primary scour hole and deposition dune. An empirical 2D scour model is proposed to predict the scour profile for both a single-propeller and twin-propeller using a Gaussian normal distribution.

On J M Keynes’s Rejection of the Moscow School of Probability’s Limiting Frequency Approach to Probability and Kolmogorov’s Axiom of Additivity (Countable Additivity ): Non –Additivity was the fundamental, basic axiom upon which all of the Economics of Ke

<p>J M Keynes was an acknowledged, world renown, and internationally recognized expert in probability and statistics in the 1930’s based on his A Treatise on Probability (1921). . Keynes had been selected by statistics journals to serve as a referee during the 1930’s. It is, therefore, no surprise that he was selected as the referee by the League of Nations to review Jan Tinbergen’s work on business cycles that used an econometrics approach based on The Law of Large Numbers, the Central Limit Theorem, and the Gaussian (Normal) Distribution .The fundamental axiom used by Tinbergen was additivity . Kolmogorov and the Moscow School of Probability’s main innovation was to go from the axiom of additivity to the axiom of countable additivity. However, Keynes rejected additivity except in the special case that the weight of the evidence, w, which measured the relative completeness of the evidence ,defined on the closed unit interval [0,1],equaled 1 , approached 1,or approximated 1. Keynes also accepted goodness of fit tests, such as the Lexis –Q test, and exploratory data analysis as evidence that could be used to support using a particular probability distribution.</p>

Stochastic Homogenized Properties for Honeycomb Microstructure Based on First Order Perturbation

A stochastic analysis of multi-scale problem in honeycomb microstructure was introduced in this paper to determine the variation of macroscopic homogenized properties considering uncertainty of micro-property. By assuming the fluctuation of micro-property, specifically the Young's modulus, is in Gaussian normal distribution, the macroscopic (homogenized) properties was formulated in stochastic manner based on first order perturbation approach. Next, the macroscopic property of honeycomb microstructure considering the geometrical defect that might be occurred in manufacturing process was also predicted. The numerical results showed that even with minor geometrical defect could affect the macroscopic properties. It proved the essential of stochastic homogenization method in predicting the reliable macroscopic property for microstructure design.

Based on the State of Emergency Safety Assessment Method of Airlines Dispatch Operation

The research of this paper is based on the domestic airline operational control that exist variety of factors under the state of emergency, such as emergent meteorological conditions, flight flow and alternate airport security conditions, the potential human factors and organizational management operation, in order to establish the correct hierarchy model, we analyzing the inherent correlation of these explicit and implicit factors which impact on the dispatch release work, then apply these factors to the Bayesian network structure and use Gaussian normal distribution to solve mean value and mean square error to determine the weight for influence factors so that run a aviation safety assessment for dispatch operation, it can help the company to propose targeted security operating strategy.

Reference intervals, etc.

The Gaussian (‘Normal’) distributionDrug therapeutic ranges in plasmaGentamicinSome important drug interactionsHaematology reference intervalsBiochemistry reference intervalsOnce upon a time, in a famous hospital named R— in the middle of England, there lived a crusty old surgeon and a brilliant young house officer. The surgeon issued infallible and peremptory edicts such as “All my patients with a haemoglobin less than 100 must be transfused.” Everyone did as the surgeon said (this was a long time ago) except for the wily house officer who understood statistics, sampling error, and the play of chance. One day she was rung up by the haematologist who asked her “Why have you requested 3 blood counts on Mrs Wells today? One is enough. You are wasting our resources!” “Not so,” said the house officer. “The first Hb was 98, the second was 97 and the third was 101g/L. I knew if I was persistent, I stood a good chance of preventing an unnecessary transfusion. She is a patient of Mr X.” The two conspirators smiled at each other down the telephone, and no more was said. Of course the right way of dealing with this problem is through clinical governance and dialogue with the surgeon. But the point remains: numbers are elastic, despite, on occasion, being given to 3 decimal places. Don’t believe in them as absolute entities, and don’t believe that the normal range is anything other than arbitrary; think before you act: think statistically. ...