PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROCHROMIC COMPLEX TUNGSTEN OXIDES

Приведён краткий обзор проблемы электрохромизма в неупорядоченных тонких пленках сложных оксидов вольфрама на основе экспериментальных результатов, опубликованных ранее. Рассмотрены проблемы ионно-электронного упорядочения в сложных оксидах вольфрама MWO ( M = Na, K и x = 0,3), их взаимосвязь с динамикой процесса электрохромного окрашивания в этих конденсированных системах. Рассмотрены возможные пути решения обозначенных проблем. Отправной точкой нашего похода к исследованию электрохромизма и разработки физических основ технологии электрохромных устройств явился отказ от общепринятого электрохимического рассмотрения этого явления. Мы убеждены в том, что электрохромный эффект является чисто твердотельным эффектом, происходящим в конденсированной системе с сильной электронной корреляцией. Электронная структура твердого тела, имеющаяся на границе раздела твердое тело-электролит в значительной степени, управляет характером и скоростью реакций, которые протекают на его поверхности. В случае окислов роль, которую играет электронная структура особенно сложна. Все изложенное указывает на необходимость рассмотрения влияния глубоких уровней в объеме оксидной вольфрамовой бронзы и на ее поверхности, граничащей с электролитом на процесс электрохромного окрашивания. A brief review of the problem of electrochromism in disordered thin films of complex tungsten oxides is given on the basis of experimental results published earlier. The problems of the ion-electron ordering in complex tungsten oxides MWO (M = Na or K and x = 0,3) are regarded as well as their relationship with the dynamics of the process of electrochromic coloring in these condensed systems. Possible ways of solving the indicated problems are considered. The starting point of our campaign to study the electrochromism and to develop the physical grounds of the technology of electrochromic devices was the rejection of the generally accepted electrochemical consideration of this phenomenon. We are convinced that the electrochromic effect is a purely solid-state one occurring in a condensed system with a strong electron correlation. The electronic structure of a solid at the solid-electrolyte interface largely controls the nature and rate of reactions that take place on its surface. In the case of oxides, the role played by the electronic structure is particularly complex. All of the above indicates the need to consider the effect of deep levels in the bulk of the oxide tungsten bronze and on its surface, bordering the electrolyte, on the process of electrochromic coloring.

INFLUENCE OF NANODISPERSED METAL POWDERS ON THE COMBUSTION OF ENERGY CONDENSED SYSTEMS BASED ON AMMONIUM NITRATE WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF POLYMER BINDER

Определены особенности горения энергетических композиций на основе инертного и активного горючих-связующих с нитратом аммония в диапазоне давлений до 10 Мпа. Представлен сравнительный анализ влияния наноразмерных порошков металлов на процесс горения композиций с различными наполнителями: октоген, нитрат аммония, CL-20. Показана эффективность нанопорошков металлов (Cu, Ni, Mo, Al, Zn) и неметалла (B) в качестве катализаторов горения. The features of combustion of energy compositions based on inert and active combustible binders with ammonium nitrate in the pressure range up to 10 MPa have been determined. A comparative analysis of the effect of nanosized metal powders on the combustion process of compositions with various fillers: HMX, ammonium nitrate, CL-20 is presented. The efficiency of metal (Cu, Ni, Mo, Al, Zn) and non-metal (B) nano powders as combustion catalysts is shown.

On High-Temperature Galvanic Elements of Stand­by Power Supply Sources based on Energy Condensed Systems

Study of ignition, combustion and electrochemical processes occurring in thin multilayer high-temperature galvanic elements derived from low-gas energy condensed systems was carried out. The research results made it possible to design a wide range of multifunctional standby power supply sources with improved performance, differing in application types, initiation modes, activation and operation times, overall dimensions and shape.

Controlling changes in the combustion surface of solid fuel charges through the use of heat-conducting elements

On the basis of experimental data on the local values of the combustion rate of condensed systems along the heat-conducting filaments placed therein, regression models were constructed to relate the value of the local combustion rate with such characteristics of heat-conducting filaments as the thermal diffusivity and melting point. The obtained regression model was used to assess a possible expansion of the variation range of the local combustion rate when using various crystalline forms of CVD diamonds as heat-conducting filaments. It was shown that a local increase in the combustion rate could exceed the baseline value by 200 times. The possibility of controlling the transformation of the combustion surface by using heat-conducting filaments with variable characteristics was confirmed.

Complete Characterization of Resistance Distance for Linear Octagonal Networks

Computing the resistance distance of a network is a fundamental and classical topic. In the aspects of considering the resistances between any two points of the lattice networks, there are many studies associated with the ladder networks and ladderlike networks. But the resistances between any two points for more complex structures than ladder networks or ladderlike networks are still unknown. In this paper, a rather complicated structure which is named linear octagonal network is considered. Treelike octagonal systems are cata-condensed systems of octagons, which represent a class of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons. A linear octagonal network is a cata-condensed octagonal system with no branchings. Moreover, the resistances between any two points of a linear octagonal network are first determined. One finds that the effective resistances between new inserted points and others points of a linear octagonal network can be given by the effective resistances between two initial points which are inherited from the linear polyomino network.