Acute accidental inhalation of Chlorine gas: A mini review

The Authors report an accidental gas exposure of Chlorine gas in a worker. This accident is very uncommon and can lead to important life-threatening conditions, such as Reactive Airway Disfunction Syndrome (RADS) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) with important pulmonary disfunctions and even death. This syndrome results are reversible when a quick and appropriate intensive treatment is performed.

Flash C-H Chlorination of Ethylene Carbonate Using a New Photoflow Setup

We report flash C-H chlorination of ethylene carbonate, which gives chloroethylene carbonate, a precursor to ethylene carbonate. A novel photoflow setup designed for a gas-liquid biphasic reaction turned out to be useful for the direct use of chlorine gas in flow. The setup employed sloped channels so as to make the liquid phase thinner, ensuring high surface to volume ratio. When ethylene carbonate was introduced to the reactor, the residence time was measured to be 15 or 30 sec, depending on the slope of the reactor to be 15 or 5 °C, respectively. Such short time exposition sufficed the photo C-H chlorination. The partial irradiation of the flow channels sufficed for the C-H chlorination, which is consistent with the requirement of photoirradiation for the purpose of radical initiation. We also found that the contaminated water negatively influenced the performance of C-H chlorination. The 100% selectivity for single chlorination required the low conversion of ethylene carbonate such as 9%, which was controlled by limited introduction of chlorine gas. At a higher conversion of ethylene carbonate such as 63%, the selectivity for mono-chlorinated ethylene carbonate over di-chlorinated ethylene carbonate was 86%. We found that the contaminated water negatively influenced the performance of the C-H chlorination.

Rapid Successful Management of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage as the Primary Presentation of Chlorine Gas Inhalation: A Rare Case Report

Chlorine-containing bleach, as a common disinfectant, can cause mild to severe symptoms from nasal irritation to life-threatening conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the toxicity level of chlorine gas depends on the duration and concentration of exposure. Herein, we describe the case of a 44-year-old man admitted to the emergency department with a chief complaint of severe shortness of breathing and hemoptysis following accidental, short-time exposure to chlorine-containing bleach. Because of the life-threatening condition, he was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and received mechanical ventilation along with a corticosteroid agent and antibiotic therapy. Despite limited data on management of the severe complications of the exposure, the patient successfully recovered after four days.

Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Catalysts Using Lithium Salts and Hydrochloric Acid

The recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs) from waste materials involves dissolving the waste in an aqueous solution. However, since PGMs are precious metals, their dissolution requires strong oxidizing agents such as chlorine gas and aqua regia. In this study, we aimed to recover PGMs via the calcination of spent automotive catalysts (autocatalysts) with Li salts based on the concept of “spent autocatalyst + waste lithium-ion batteries” and leaching with only HCl. The results suggest that, when Li2CO3 was used, the Pt content was fully leached, while 94.9% and 97.5% of Rh and Pd, respectively, were leached using HCl addition. Even when LiF, which is a decomposition product of the electrolytic solution (LiPF6), was used as the Li salt model, the PGM leaching rate did not significantly change. In addition, we studied the immobilization of fluorine on cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2), which is a matrix component of autocatalysts. Through the calcination of LiF in the presence of cordierite, we found that cordierite thermally decomposed, and fluorine was immobilized as MgF2.

Sterilizing the Surface of Seeds by Chlorine Gas v1

This protocol sterilizes the surface of seeds for use in clean culture conditions without damaging the seeds germination or growth ability.

Personal Passive Air Samplers for Chlorinated Gases Generated from the Use of Consumer Products

Various chlorine-based disinfectants are being used during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, only a few studies on exposure to harmful gases resulting from the use of these disinfectants exist. Previously, we developed a personal passive air sampler (PPAS) to estimate the exposure level to chlorine gas while using chlorinated disinfectants. Herein, we investigated the color development of the passive sampler corresponding to chlorine exposure concentration and time, which allows the general population to easily estimate their gas exposure levels. The uptake and reaction rate of PPAS are also explained, and the maximum capacity of the sampler was determined as 1.8 mol of chlorine per unit volume (m3) of the passive sampler. Additionally, the effects of disinfectant types on the gas exposure level were successfully assessed using passive samplers deployed in a closed chamber. It is noteworthy that the same level of chlorine gas is generated from liquid household bleach regardless of dilution ratios, and we confirmed that the chlorine gas can diffuse out from a gel-type disinfectant. Considering that this PPAS reflects reactive gas removal, individual working patterns, and environmental conditions, this sampler can be successfully used to estimate personal exposure levels of chlorinated gases generated from disinfectants.

Effect of Differences of HCl Concentration on the Reaction of Chlorine Gas and Acetylene Gas In Clothing Liquids and Floor Cleaning Liquids

Floor cleaning fluid containing a solution of HCl mixed with carbide (CaC2), produces a reaction in the form of gases, air bubbles and there is sedimentation. The resulting gas is acetylene gas. NaClO solution in clothes bleach reacts with HCl in floor cleaning fluid to produce a reaction in the form of an explosion of fire, soot / carbon and produces chlorine gas. This study aims to determine the effect of differences in the concentration of HCl in floor cleaning fluid to produce the reaction of chlorine gas and acetylene gas by mixing floor cleaner with carbide and clothes bleach. In this study, using a floor cleaner with a concentration of 12% HCl and a concentration of 17% as a comparison. The results obtained are that the difference in the concentration of HCl has an effect on explosions, gases.