In the service of secrecy: An enveloped history of priority, proof and patents

This article is about an everyday paper object: an envelope. However, as opposed to most other flat paper containers, the enveloppe Soleau can only be bought from L’Institut national de la propriété industrielle (INPI) in Paris. At the cost of €15 you get a perforated, double-compartment envelope allowing you to constitute proof of creation and assign a precise date to your idea or project. But the enveloppe Soleau is something much more than just a simple and cheap way by which you can prove priority in any creative domain. It is a material footprint anchored to centuries of practices associated with disclosure and secrecy, a gateway into the infrastructure of the intellectual property system and its complicated relationship to the forms of knowledge it purports to hold. The purpose of this article is to consider the making of the enveloppe Soleau as a bureaucratic document, a material device performing a particular kind of legal paperwork. In four different vignettes, the article tracks the material becoming of the enveloppe Soleau as an evidentiary receptacle, beginning by going back to early modern practices of secrecy and priority, continuing with its consolidation in two patents (from 1910 and 1911) to the inventor Eugène Soleau (1852–1929), and ending up, in 2016, dematerialized in the e-Soleau. As a bureaucratic document, the enveloppe Soleau shows just how much work a mundane paper object can perform, navigating a particular materiality (a patented double envelope); formalized processes of proof (where perforations have legal significance); the practices of double archiving (in an institution and with the individual) and strict temporal limitations (a decade). Ultimately, the enveloppe Soleau travels between the material and immaterial, between private and public, between secrecy and disclosure, but also between what we perceive of as the outside and inside of the intellectual property system.

Innovative Conceptual Design for Patentability. Case Study of the Double Compartment Thermos Container

Any initial product started from a more or less flexible idea, or a patented idea transposed into a manufactured product. This idea takes a new development following the study of the marketing market, analysis studies and all we need for technological opportunity, outlining at the same time stage by stage the prototype concept. The prototype variant is again subjected to a systemic analysis that defines and optimizes the final product, as well as the technological flow associated with the entire manufacturing process applied on the concept. The paper proposes a synthesis analysis on innovative conceptual design. The case study presented in this paper shows a reserch study applied on the industrial product for which the patent was obtained, respectively a double compartmented thermos container [17].

Electrical energy generation in a double-compartment microbial fuel cell using Shewanella spp. strains isolated from Odontesthes regia

This study is focused on electrical energy generation in a double-compartment microbial fuel cell. Carbon felt impregnated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes was used as an anode, which contained gold nanoparticles and Shewanella spp. grown under aerobic conditions was used as a biocatalyst. The electrodes, used before and after biofilm growth, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The results revealed the formation of Shewanella spp. colonies on the electrode surface and electrochemical activity under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. During biofilm growth in Luria Bertani medium, a stabilized average power density of 281 mW m− 2 was recorded. Subsequently, the cell reached a maximum current density of 0.11 mA cm− 2 after 72 h of operation and a coulombic efficiency of 65% under anaerobic conditions.

A Stochastic Model Depending on the Infection Rate :COVID19 Case in Djibouti

The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is spreading and has caused a large-scale infection in China since December 2019. Thefirst infected person was declared on March 18, 2020 in Djibouti. This has led to a signicant impact on the lives and economy in Djibouti and other countries. In this study, we propose a double compartment stochastic model which describes the evolution of the infection rate and the evolution of the number of infected in the period from May 20 to June 23, 2020. We will also propose the evolution of people infected in two states, recovered and deceased.