Dietary Supplementation of Nanomaterials Additives in Aquaculture - A Review

Aquaculture is the best growing food production division in the globe. Infection outbreaks are also a most important problem for the aquaculture productions. Different types of technological development are uses to improve healthy aquaculture production and enhance the aquatic environment. Nanotechnology is most significant tool for the development of aquatic productions. These techniques are used to detect the infection at short time, deliver the vaccine, drugs and feed for aquatic animals. This review provides information about dietary feed with supplementation of different nanomaterials such as copper, selenium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, chromium, chitosan is utilized to enhance immune system, digestive function, disease resistance, antioxidant activity, growth performance, survival, regulate the metabolic functions, gut health, bio availability, feed intake, feed conversion of diverse aquatic animals. These nanomaterials are mainly focused to improve the nano-nutrient in the feed supplements in aquaculture and enhance the healthy aquatic production.

Equatorial mountain lakes show extended periods of thermal stratification with climate warming

<p>Warming in the Andes has already affected phenology, glaciology, and other ecosystem changes, and now threatens to alter long-standing fundamental limnological properties. In the equatorial Andes, most lakes have traditionally been characterized by waters that circulate continuously, with only rare episodes of stratification. This categorization, albeit based on relatively few studies, has scarcely been challenged in light of accelerated regional warming that has occurred over the past 30 years.Here, we show that protracted periods of thermal stratification are presently the norm, not the exception, in equatorial mountain lakes. Annual circulation and stratification patterns recorded in four lakes from Ecuador’s southern Sierra show extended periods of stratification, which are stable and do not break down with nocturnal cooling. These data contrast earlier research from this region, which reported full water column mixing and only infrequent stratification, but are consistent with recent trends of rising temperatures and declining wind velocities. Paleolimnological studies show that changes to the thermal regimes of these lakes likely began several decades ago and have resulted in ecosystem-scale changes including regime shifts in phytoplankton and declines in aquatic production.</p>

ECOZONING FOR THE AQUATIC PRODUCTION IN 8 COSTAL ZONE PROVINCES OF MEKONG DELTA

Planning for the aquatic production needs the suitable Eco-planning. Such eco-should come from research results of GIS, RS method and direct survey of land use, soil characteristics, water flood level, salinity, acidity, topography, trial, social characteristic. The research on ecozoning for Mekong Delta show that within 8 costal provinces there are many Ecozone which include: Province Sóc trăng: 5 Eco-zones, Bac Lieu: 6 ecozones, Cà Mau: 8 Ecozones ; Kiên Giang: 7 Ecozones, Long An: 5 Ecozones, Tiền Giang: 7 Ecozones, Bến Tre: 6 Ecozones and̀ Trà Vinh: 6 Ecozones. The research also provides the Ecozoning Mapping of the aquatic Production for 8 provinces with the scale of 1/250 000; 1/50/000 and 1/100 000.