This chapter considers reasonable decision making with sample data from randomized trials. It continues discussion of reasonable patient care under uncertainty. Because of its centrality to evidence-based medicine, the chapter focuses on the use of sample trial data in treatment choice. Moreover, having already addressed identification, the chapter considers only statistical imprecision, as has been the case in the statistical literature on trials. The Wald (1950) development of statistical decision theory provides a coherent framework for use of sample data to make decisions. A body of recent research applies statistical decision theory to determine treatment choices that achieve adequate performance in all states of nature, in the sense of maximum regret. This chapter describes the basic ideas and findings, which provide an appealing practical alternative to use of hypothesis tests.