Evaluating the maximum regret of statistical treatment rules with sample data on treatment response

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-122
Author(s):  
Valentyn Litvin ◽  
Charles F. Manski
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Data Generating Process ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Average Treatment Effects ◽  
Treatment Rules ◽  
Maximum Regret

In this article, we present the wald_tc command, which computes the maximum regret (MR) of a user-specified statistical treatment rule that uses sample data on realized treatment response (and optionally an instrumental variable) to determine a treatment choice for a population. Because the outcomes of counterfactual treatments are not observed and treatment selection in the study population may not be random, decision makers may be able only to partially identify average treatment effects. wald_tc allows users to compute the MR of a proposed statistical treatment rule under a flexible specification of the data-generating process and determines the state that generates MR.

scholarly journals Impact of financial statements for financial decision-making

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saddeq Abdulshakour
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Financial Decision Making ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Financial Decision

The study aimed to know the effects of analysis of financial statements on financial decisions, and the degree of benefit from them, and to identify what financial statements, what is its importance for the institutions within the framework of the Kingdom's Vision 2030 of ideas and trends, and to identify the contribution of financial statement analysis to financial decision-making. The study was based on the descriptive and analytical approach, and the study population consisted of all financial decision makers. The study was based on a simple random method (70) of financial decision makers. The study was based on the questionnaire and consisted of the following axes (financial statements in companies, financial decision-making, the effects of analysis of financial statements on financial decision-making). The study came out with a number of results, the most important of which are: There is approval by the respondents to all paragraphs of the first axis "financial statements in companies", with a relative weight of 82.8%. There is an agreement by the respondents on all paragraphs of the second axis "making financial decisions in companies", with a relative weight of 81.3%. There is strong approval by the respondents on all paragraphs of the third axis "the effects of analysis of financial statements on financial decision-making", with a relative weight of 86.4%. The financial statements are a key tool to know the financial position of the company, so they must be accurate and reliable before being published by management. The lack of credibility in the financial statements leads to mistrust in the company by investors, and does not give them the possibility to diagnose and make sound decisions. In light of the previous results, the study recommended the following: • Organizing several forums, conferences and forums to clarify the mechanism of preparing the financial statements and how to analyze them, and the need to raise awareness of financial decision makers about the importance of financial statements in the financial decision-making process.

scholarly journals Efficacy of 7-Day and 14-Day Triple Therapy Regimens for the Eradication ofHelicobacter pylori: A Comparative Study in a Cohort of Romanian Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Sorin Arama ◽  
Catalin Tiliscan ◽  
Cristina Negoita ◽  
Alexandru Croitoru ◽  
Victoria Arama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Eradication Rate ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Duodenal Lesions ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Gastric Biopsies

Objective. This study compared the eradication rates of ofHelicobacter pylori(HP) infection by a 7-day and 14-day anti-HP regimen.Materials and Methods. An open, randomized, prospective study was performed to evaluate the response to anti-HP treatment in adult HP-positive patients following a 7-day course (Regimen A) of a proton pump inhibitor in association with clarithromycin and amoxicillin compared to a 14-day course (Regimen B). Gastric biopsies were performed at baseline and two months after anti-HP treatment.Results. Seventy-eight patients aged 18–64 years (28 males, 50 females) diagnosed with HP infection were included. Fifty-two (66.7%) patients received Regimen B and 26 (33.3%) Regimen A. The overall eradication rate was 70.5%. Better treatment response (p<0.01) was seen in Regimen B (44/52, 84.2% versus 11/26, 42.3%). Significant improvement in histological features was seen in regimen B. There has been significant overall reduction in endoscopic aspects of gastric and duodenal lesions in both regimens. Younger patients ≤35 years had a better response to Regimen B. Better treatment response was seen in women, urban residents, and those with tertiary level of education in both groups.Conclusion. 14-day anti-HP regimen offered a significant better overall eradication of HP in study population.

scholarly journals Too LATE for Natural Experiments: A Critique of Local Average Treatment Effects Using the Example of Angrist and Evans (1998)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Öberg
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Average Treatment ◽  
Local Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Average Treatment Effects ◽  
Local Average Treatment Effects ◽  
Local Average

There has been a fundamental flaw in the conceptual design of many natural experiments used in the economics literature, particularly among studies aiming to estimate a local average treatment effect (LATE). When we use an instrumental variable (IV) to estimate a LATE, the IV only has an indirect effect on the treatment of interest. Such IVs do not work as intended and will produce severely biased and/or uninterpretable results. This comment demonstrates that the LATE does not work as previously thought and explains why using the natural experiment proposed by Angrist and Evans (1998) as the example.

The 'Sick immigrant' and 'Healthy immigrant' phenomenon among Jews migrating from the USSR to Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Pinchas-Mizrachi ◽  
Y Naparstek ◽  
R Nirel ◽  
E Kukia
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
High Income ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The “healthy immigrant” phenomenon attributes health benefits to immigrants. We examined this phenomenon using the relationship between immigration and mortality, by income level, among Soviet immigrants to Israel in the 1990s, in comparison to veteran immigrants with similar genetic makeup. A retrospective cohort study of mortality during 1996-2016 was conducted among 99,037 immigrants born during 1940-1955 in the USSR or Eastern Europe who immigrated during 1990-1995, compared to a control group of 119,150 Jews born during 1940-1955 who and/or whose parents were born in those same countries and immigrated by 1960. After adjusting for gender, age, income and marital status, we found higher mortality rates among immigrants compared to non-immigrants for the total study population (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.297, 99% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.248, 1.348) and among 27,563 men (AHR = 2.941, 99%CI = 2.704, 3.199) and 32,220 women (AHR = 1.756, 99%CI = 1.614, 1.909) with low incomes. The opposite relationship was found for 45,863 men (AHR = 0.714 ,99%CI = 0.635, 0.804) and for 24,852 women (AHR = 0.738 ,99%CI = 0.596, 0.913) with high incomes. For the total study population, we found support for the “sick immigrant” phenomenon. However, both genders in the high-income subgroup, and women in the middle-income subgroup, demonstrated the “healthy immigrant” phenomenon. Decision makers in Israel should devote particular attention to immigrants from a low socioeconomic level. Our results emphasize the need for social stratification when examining the relationships between immigration and health outcomes. Key messages For the total study population, we found support for the “sick immigrant” phenomenon. However, both genders in the high-income subgroup, and women in the middle-income subgroup, demonstrated the “healthy immigrant” phenomenon.

The Level of Organizational Learning and its Impact on Job Performance: A Field Study at the Private Banks in Hodeida City

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-110
Author(s):  
Abdulkarem Qasem Ali Al-Baeem ◽  
Prof. Dr. Abdulmalek Ahmed Ahmed Al-Maamari
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Job Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
Study Population ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Very High

This study aimed to identify the level of organizational learning and its impact on job performance at the private banks in Hodeida City. The analytical descriptive method was used and a questionnaire was administered to all employees at 8 private banks, selected by the complete census method. A hundred and sixty-four questionnaires were distributed, but only 135 questionnaires were returned and analyzed. Major findings revealed that there was a high positive impact for the dimensions of organizational learning on the level of job performance in the private banks in Hodeida. Also, the level of practicing organizational learning as well as job performance of the staff was very high. Further, there were no significant differences in the level of organizational learning and performance due to the demographic variables of the study population. It was recommended that banks should promote coordination with other banks and financial institutions, and support researches that would generate new knowledge and create an appropriate environment for creative decision makers.

Reasonable Care with Sample Data

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Charles F. Manski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Statistical Decision Theory ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Statistical Decision ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Sample Trial ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
States Of Nature ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Maximum Regret

This chapter considers reasonable decision making with sample data from randomized trials. It continues discussion of reasonable patient care under uncertainty. Because of its centrality to evidence-based medicine, the chapter focuses on the use of sample trial data in treatment choice. Moreover, having already addressed identification, the chapter considers only statistical imprecision, as has been the case in the statistical literature on trials. The Wald (1950) development of statistical decision theory provides a coherent framework for use of sample data to make decisions. A body of recent research applies statistical decision theory to determine treatment choices that achieve adequate performance in all states of nature, in the sense of maximum regret. This chapter describes the basic ideas and findings, which provide an appealing practical alternative to use of hypothesis tests.

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