The Effect of COVID-19 on Land Transport Within the European Union and Guidelines for its Stable Development

The COVID-19 pandemic delivered a devastating blow to land transport in Europe. The measures adopted for its containment drastically reduced services provided by railway transport and motor transport. Despite the limited demand during the pandemic, transport carriers did not cease their activities and proved their place in Europe’s logistics chain. In order to overcome the negative effects of the crisis and restore mobility within the EU, transport firms require financial help and support. The present article reveals the negative results of the activity of passenger and cargo carriers within the EU in 2020 and makes inferences and recommendations for overcoming the negative situation faster on the basis of data presented by Eurostat about the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on land transport. The presented data from Eurostat on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has served as a basis to make the respective inferences and indicate the fundamental guidelines for the stable development of land transport within the EU. Since railway transport is the safest, most secure and environmentally friendly type of transport, the focus is on the necessity for priority support of its activities.

A Flexible Cap-and-Trade Policy and Limited Demand Information Effects on a Sustainable Supply Chain

Carbon emission reduction is increasingly becoming a public consensus, with governments formulating carbon emission policies, enterprises investing in emission abatement equipment, and consumers having a low-carbon preference. On the other hand, it is difficult for industry managers to obtain all the demand information. Based on this, this paper aims to investigate operations and coordination for a sustainable system with a flexible cap-and-trade policy and limited demand information. Newsvendor and distribution-free newsvendor models are formulated to show the validity of limited information. Stackelberg game is exploited to derive optimal abatement and order quantity solutions under centralized and decentralized systems. The revenue-sharing and two-part tariff contracts are then proposed to coordinate the decentralized system with limited demand information. Numerical analyses complement the theoretical results. We list some major findings. Firstly, we discover that using abatement equipment can effectively reduce emissions and increase profits. Secondly, the distribution-free approach is effective and acceptable for a system where only mean and variance information is informed. Thirdly, the mean parameter has a greater impact on profits and emissions comparing with the other seven parameters. Finally, we show that both contracts may achieve perfect coordination, and the two-part tariff contract is more robust.

Historical Forms of Tourism Gradual Transnationalization and the Perpetuum Mobile Behind it

Over the past 70 years, tourism has always been at the forefront of business transnationalization, as it has consistently used all the advantages of the transnational production and distribution system, thereby creating additional competitive advantages on a truly global scale. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the international travel market, as well as to identify a number of historical stages of its development, which the market has passed on the way to establishing strong international relations and interaction. In this article, transnationalization is defined as a modern form of organizing tourism and hotel business. It was proposed directly by entrepreneurs as one of the possible solutions to classic market problems (including limited demand and factors of production). These market problems intensified in the second half of the last century, and all of them directly influenced the development of tourism. The study analyzed the driving forces of transnationalization of the tourism and hospitality sectors, taking into account the economic effect of the synergy of transnationalization. Expansion of tourist activities of the sectoral transnational corporations along with their gradual transformation into influential subject of the world economy. All of the considered in the article synergy effects from tourist business transnationalization have nearly simultaneous impact on the process of tourist services’ production.

Strategic Pricing of Bee Products from the Ruse Region

The study reveals that in the context of global competition in supply, limited demand, and product parity in the B2B and B2C markets for bee products, there are significant limitations on the applicability of cost pricing methods (cost and desired profit) and partly of demand-based methods. In addition, the study shows that the most applicable pricing methods are the ones based on competition. Regional honey, the main product of beekeeping in the Ruse region, has a negligible differentiated value (monetary and psychological) in the B2B and B2C markets compared to its competing counterparts, due to which its price fluctuates around its market price. The lack of product differentiation, as well as established regional image and brand nowadays, do not allow producers to achieve prices higher than the market ones. Beekeeping farms in the Ruse region should build horizontal and vertical strategic relationships to gain price leadership through low costs and high quality. Value communication is necessary to protect the value and importance of regional bee products from competitors. This should be done by increasing the willingness of customers to pay a higher price for them. The pricing policy of beekeeping farms defines the general price behaviour based on the achieved differentiated value of the regional bee products and its continuous increase. The formation of regional bee products with high added value has a decisive role in the positive perception of the price by the different segments, due to which they reach higher price levels.

Limited Demand in the Model of the Labor Market of the Russian Federation on the Example of Young Professionals

A study by scientists of the Russian State Social University, which examines the problems of limited demand in the labor market in the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is the labor market, and the object of the study is the supply of vacancies on the labor market by young job seekers. The study is based on previous studies of the essence of the labor market phenomenon within the framework of the postulates of the institutional school of economic theory.

Exploring the application of analytical procedures by Jordanian external auditors

This study aims to explore the application of analytical procedures (AP) as a major external auditing procedure in the developing country context of Jordan, a context characterised by the prevalence of closely held businesses, and limited demand for an external audit of high quality (Abdullatif, 2016; Almarayeh, Aibar-Guzman, & Abdullatif, 2020). To do so, the researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with twelve experienced Jordanian external auditors. The main issues covered are the detailed use of AP as an audit procedure and the most significant issues that may limit the effectiveness and reliability of this procedure in the Jordanian context. The main findings of the study include that AP are generally used and favoured by Jordanian auditors, despite their recognition of several problems facing the application of AP, and potentially limiting its reliability and effectiveness. These problems include weak internal controls of some clients, low quality of data provided by some clients, a lack of availability of specialised audit software for many auditors, and a lack of local Jordanian industry benchmarks that can be used to develop expectations necessary for the proper application of AP. The study recommends the establishment of such industry benchmarks, along with better monitoring by the regulatory authorities of the quality of company data, and increasing the efforts of these authorities on promoting the auditors’ use of specialised audit software in performing AP

Forms of organization of production activity of enterprises in terms of probabilistic nature of demand

Purpose. To develop models describing forms of organization of production activity in terms of probabilistic nature of demand and determine their being effected by strategies of marketing interaction with the product consumers. Methodology. The theoretical models were based on classic models of mass service, methods of sales planning, and studies on rational strategies of marketing interaction of a consumer of limited-demand products, the need in which is of probabilistic nature. Such parameters as maximum (peak) involved production capacity and maximum warehouse capacity required in terms of predicted production volumes are taken as the criterion of effect of a strategy of the manufacturer-consumer marketing interaction. Findings. Certain dependences have been obtained making it possible to calculate the maximum (peak) involved production capacity depending on the predicted production volume, warehouse capacity, and organization of production activity of an enterprise. It has been shown that the organization of marketing interaction between a manufacturer and a consumer of limited-demand products, the need in which is of probabilistic nature, on the basis of marketing partnership strategy helps reduce considerably the peak loads of production facilities and warehouse capacity, which is necessary to maintain production activity of an enterprise. Originality. On the basis of a mass service theory, a form of organization of production activity of an enterprise is substantiated that manufactures goods of differentiated need and limited demand of probabilistic nature. It has been proved that a current marketing strategy of interaction between a manufacturer and consumer of such a product influences considerably the organization of production activity of an enterprise-manufacturer. A form of organization of production activity of an enterprise has been substantiated; in terms of organization of interaction with a consumer on the basis of marketing partnership relations, it helps reduce significantly the peak loads of production facilities and the involved warehouse capacity to store ready-made products. Practical value. The obtained results can be applied to plan the forms of organization of production activity of an enterprise that manufactures limited-demand products, the need in which is of differentiated nature, and to substantiate rational marketing interaction with a consumer of such kind of product.

On Policies for Single-Leg Revenue Management with Limited Demand Information

Dynamic Pricing with Limited Demand Information

Writing between the ‘red lines’: Morocco’s digital media landscape

This article presents an overview of the emergence of online news sites, which has radically altered news provision and media consumption patterns in Morocco. This sector has rapidly become a strategic site. Firstly, its precedence over print media and national television networks does not only stem from the high traffic figures of news websites. Along with certain social platforms, these websites are the only vehicules for 24/7 news in a country which currently has just one such news channel and where, in spite of the ‘liberalisation’ of media, national networks provide very institutionalised news programs based on the activities of the state official institutions and of the monarchy. Secondly, certain domestic Arabic-language news websites have become the main platform for the voicing of political dissent. Based on 31 interviews, the article briefly describes the historical development of the online press, since the ‘February 20th Movement’ of 2011. This case study provides a good example of the new challenges surrounding the control of information: an issue long shaped by the limitation of news provision to duly authorised political and journalistic organisations and by limited ‘demand’ resulting from widespread illiteracy. This article describes how the Moroccan establishment react to the explosive growth of online news media by creating new mechanisms to control it.