The “Latin” Melting Pot

This article explores how, through discussions about immigrant assimilation in fin de siècle Algeria, French republicans contemplated and wrote into law the ethnic traits of French national identity. Republicans assumed that the North Mediterranean immigrants who settled in Algeria shared ethnic origins with French settlers and consequently asserted that France should work to “fuse” the two groups. Assertions about immigrants' ethnicity took different forms. In the colony they appeared either at the margins of colonial administrators' attacks against immigrant communal organization or in literary representations of French-Mediterranean fusion. In the metropole republican legislators portrayed immigrants as innately prone to becoming French and thus supported the 1889 nationality law that naturalized them. The passing of the 1889 law prompted the creation of an explicitly ethnorepublican assimilatory model. The model's proponents combined sociological and eugenicist principles to both socialize immigrants into the nation and promote the transfer of their Mediterranean “vigor” into French bodies. Cet article examine les efforts des intellectuels et des dirigeants républicains pour assimiler les immigrés européens en Algérie à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. Il affirme que les identités communautaires et la prépondérance démographique des immigrés ont poussé l'élite républicaine à envisager leur capacité ethnique à s'assimiler à la société française, et montre que l'idée que les Français et les immigrés avaient la même origine ethnique a façonné les débats sur l'assimilation nationale et a influencé la formation des lois républicaines fondamentales. En Algérie, des affirmations à propos de l'identité ethnique des immigrés européens apparaissaient en marge des discussions politiques sur leur organisation communautaire et dans les romans des écrivains algérianistes. En métropole, des législateurs républicains supposaient que la « ressemblance ethnique » entre Français et immigrés assurait l'assimilation rapide de ces derniers et ils ont soutenu la loi de 1889 sur la nationalité qui les a naturalisés. A l'issue de la législation de 1889, une vision de fusionnement des colons français et des membres de la « race méditerranéenne » en Algérie s'est développée. Ses partisans ont combiné des principes sociologiques avec des principes eugéniques dans le but d'incorporer les immigrés européens dans la nation et de faire transporter leur « vigueur » dans les corps des Français.

Imitation Of The Forthcoming: Interposition Approach In Communal Organization

Regarding the unpredictability of communal frameworks and the presence of self-ruling mediates, planning and making the forthcoming requires an uncommon technique, which can fit these components with itself. This can be conceivable by forthcoming portraying, which makes an understanding into the ideal forthcoming, and presents a genuine point of view of it; as well as it advances an arranged impression of the ideal status to force a roused viewpoint to what's to come. In global levels, portraying the forthcoming which is for the most part led by cutting edge nations causes different nations make responses or inverse response which are worldwide and unexpected in different manners, for example, symphonious, latent, turbulent, dynamic and proactive responses. Nonetheless, the primary accomplishment of this conversation is that communal orders must present their very own fitting image forthcoming, which appreciates enough fascination in empower the individuals from applicable communal orders. This image is here and there molded dependent on reproducing an ideal circumstance through the past dreams, or on the norm, and in some cases simply on a viewpoint zeroing in on forthcoming. What makes a difference is that the forthcoming picture must be led on a reasonable and practical premise, for else it might be considered as a beguiling plan, which is outlaw, delicate, and transient due to its infleXibility toward the optimistic advancement of the human communal orders.

Female Monasticism in Revolutionary Times: The Nizhnii Novgorod Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 1917–1935

Even though after the October Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks enjoyed uninterrupted power and pursued radical secularist objectives, the majority of female monastic communities in Nizhnii Novgorod province were able to survive much longer than their counterparts in the French and Mexican Revolutions. Using the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross as a case study, this article shows how—despite extremely challenging conditions and the hostility of the Soviet state—female monastic communities proved to be remarkably resilient and managed to exploit openings created by both the Bolsheviks’ strategy for subverting them and conflicts between Soviet authorities. The resiliency of the community at the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross stemmed from the solidarity, flexibility, and leadership skills it cultivated prior to World War I through the combination of its religious character and practices and its communal organization. By the early 1920s, the community had adapted effectively to post-civil war Soviet urban conditions and was able to survive local attempts to dissolve it. But by the late 1920s, the survival of the community had become intolerable for Soviet authorities, who—like the revolutionary regimes in France and Mexico—ultimately resorted to compulsory means to “liquidate” the community between 1927 and 1935.

The Correlation between Community Engagement and Capability Building Through Outbound Activities of Karang Taruna Members at Bencireng Kebontunggul, Mojokerto, Indonesia

Capability building for a group of society is necessary to build the rural community in order to grow the economic potent. One of the communal organization is Karang Taruna (Youth organization), which is expected to empower its youth members so that each member improves competencies for community and self. Capacity building can be accomplished through training programs, and one program often used for capacity building is outbound training. A specific outbound training can be designed for youth so they can comprehend their role in society through outbound implementation. This research is going to measure the correlation between the community engagement and capability building of the Karang Taruna members through implementing outbound activities. The data are collected through questionnaires distributed to all Karang Taruna members who join the outbound activities, and the questionnaires are constructed with the Likert scale from strongly disagree to agree strongly. The number of outbound participants is 16, and each participant is given treatment by outbound instructors about capability building so that each can implement the ability during the outbound. The data analysis is using cross tabulation, and the results show that the outbound training material can improve the skills of the participant during the outbound sessions, can increase the community engagement and motivate the Karang Taruna members, and can enable self-development through continuous learning processes about the outbound. The instructors’ ability to explain the training material can accelerate new experiences for outbound participants, can bring new insights to face problems, and can continuously improve the selfdevelopment of each participant.

“All is Harmony in that Department”

Throughout the 1840s, numerous intentional communities based on a cooperative financial model were organized across the United States. Primarily led by social reformers and often based on the writings of French utopian Charles Fourier, these communities acted as a response to social and economic inequity. As part of their challenge to nineteenth-century social conventions, these communities refrained from including any religious test or expectation of religious adherence for members. The result was the development of spaces where new religious movements and diverse religious expressions emerged, sometimes resulting in communal strife. This article argues that diverse religious expressions were cultivated across these communities, if unevenly. The article highlights three case studies in which religious expression proved a central component of communal organization, social harmony, or community discord. These communities include Trumbull Phalanx in Ohio, Northampton Association of Education and Industry in Massachusetts, and Ceresco in Wisconsin.

On Appeals to an Imperfect past in a Present Future: Remembering the Israelite Wilderness Generation in the Late Second Temple Period

The Damascus Document explicitly remembers the Israelite wilderness period as a time of disobedience and rebellion, with dire consequences that endured for generations. At the same time, the same text calls for a communal organization that mimics that of the Israelites during their wilderness period (Exod. 18.25; Deut. 1.15). This appeal to an imperfect past in a document that faces an imminent or even present eschaton finds close parallels among other texts from the latter half of the Second Temple period. This article argues that these similar strategies of remembering and re-deploying the past shed light on possible motivations for the Damascus Document's seemingly incoherent approach to Israel's past.