СЪДЪРЖАНИЕТО НА КН. 1 ЗА 2021 Г. НА СПИСАНИЕ „БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК“ / ISSUE 1/2021 OF BALGARSKI EZIK

Issue 1/2021 of Balgarski ezik features three papers dealing with research presented at the Scientific Forum on Research Approaches in Bulgarian Lan¬guage Teaching (2019) organised by the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in the last five years. Katya Charalozova’s paper titled The Category of Verb Aspect. Metho-do¬logical Perspectives in Teaching Aspect in Bulgarian Schools Abroad discusses methodological aspects of teaching the category of aspect to students in Bul¬ga¬rian schools abroad from the standpoint of interpreting verb aspect as a semantic category. The author addresses the consistent representation of knowledge and the ways of introducing perfective and imperfective verbs and their forms in the different tenses. Luchia Antonova-Vasileva discusses The Need for Selection and Adaptation of Texts for People Studying Bulgarian Literature Abroad and presents success¬sful examples of adapted editions of works of literature for the purposes of lan¬guage teaching. The author proposes a model for text adaptation for the purpo¬ses of teaching Bulgarian language and literature to Bulgarians living abroad and illustrates it with an excerpt from Ivan Vazov’s novel Under the Yoke. The paper by Reni Manova and Elena Hadzhieva is dedicated to Intercul¬tural Communication and Equality between the Participants in the Dialogue in Bulgarian. On the basis of analysis of the peculiarities of intercultural commu¬nication as an exchange of culturally conditioned information between people from different cultures, the authors conclude that the significant stock of know¬ledge about the foreign culture and the skills to apply specific communicative behaviours adapted to the host culture are of crucial importance. Mariyana Tsibranska’s paper The World of Nuns according to Lexical Data compares data on female monasticism in two types of sources – hagiographic works and canon law – in order to bring monastic everyday life in the focus of cultural conceptology and the study of the diachronic linguistic picture of the world. Everyday life at the monastery is presented by means of specific ranges of concepts (mental constructs) and the respective linguistic nominations. The paper Is there a Pomak Dialect in Bulgaria? by Georgi Mitrinov pre¬sents a critical look at a study by Emel Balakchi titled The Rhodope Dialects. Their Richness and Magic. By adducing compelling linguistic arguments, the author disproves Balakchi’s attempt at representing the Rhodope dialects as Po¬mak dialects. Using numerous examples, Georgi Mitrinov demonstrates the lack of scientific competence and objectivity of the study under consideration in presenting the characteristic features of the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. In her article The General Designations for a Female Relative in the Bulga¬rian Language Presented as Heteronymic Rows Tsvetelina Georgieva presents in a structured way the designations for female relatives excerpted from the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Bulgarian Family and Kinship Lexis. Using an onomasiological approach, the author argues convincingly that the names for female relatives in Bulgarian are heteronyms and not synonyms.

СВЕТЪТ НА МОНАХИНИТЕ ПО ЛЕКСИКАЛНИ ДАННИ / THE WORLD OF NUNS ACCORDING TO LEXICAL DATA

The article aims at comparing the data on female monasticism in two types of sources – hagiographic works and canon law – in order to bring forward monastic everyday life as an object of cultural conceptology and study of the diachronic linguistic picture of the world. Examples are taken from the Life of St. Eupraxia in the 1359–1360 copy of the Bdin Collection and selected rules from penitential collections. Everyday life in the monastery can be presented by means of distinct thematic areas defined by specific ranges of concepts (mental constructs) and the respective linguistic nominations. The lexical data addressed in the article refer to: food, clothing, education, labour, customs and regulations in the monastery, relations between nuns. The data on female monasticism in the Middle Ages are more limited than those available for monks. This corresponds with scarce information from other types of sources, such as iconographic and archaeological sources. The nuns’ habits and some positions in the monastery are denoted predominantly by masculine gender lexemes due to commonalities in the way of life and the moral norms. The comparison of lexical data from texts of different genres remains a promising task towards the reconstruction of the medieval way of life in the monastery.

The Development of Monastic Terminology and the Legislative Definition of the Monkish Status

The article deals with the relationship between the development of new appeared monastic terminology and the definition of the status of monasticism by the Church and the early Byzantine state. Or otherwise, it tries to tell when the process of institutionalization began, what vocabulary was used in this process, when the use of the “classical” monastic terminology in laws and canons began, how the emergence of new terminology and the development of status were distributed over time. The study is divided into two parts: monks and nuns. The time frame of the study is the fourth century and the first half of the fifth century. The geographical framework is the Late Roman Empire, mainly its Eastern half. The following conclusions have been drawn: the making of the status of male monasticism occurred a hundred years after its appearance, the laws almost immediately began to use the most common in the papyri and monastic literature term monachus, which gives evidence of the distinct definition of a new social group, but the establishment of the status of female monasticism was extremely slow, the laws and canons practically not using the new terms, which reflects the diversity of female asceticism even in the 5th century.

Female Monasticism in Revolutionary Times: The Nizhnii Novgorod Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 1917–1935

Even though after the October Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks enjoyed uninterrupted power and pursued radical secularist objectives, the majority of female monastic communities in Nizhnii Novgorod province were able to survive much longer than their counterparts in the French and Mexican Revolutions. Using the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross as a case study, this article shows how—despite extremely challenging conditions and the hostility of the Soviet state—female monastic communities proved to be remarkably resilient and managed to exploit openings created by both the Bolsheviks’ strategy for subverting them and conflicts between Soviet authorities. The resiliency of the community at the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross stemmed from the solidarity, flexibility, and leadership skills it cultivated prior to World War I through the combination of its religious character and practices and its communal organization. By the early 1920s, the community had adapted effectively to post-civil war Soviet urban conditions and was able to survive local attempts to dissolve it. But by the late 1920s, the survival of the community had become intolerable for Soviet authorities, who—like the revolutionary regimes in France and Mexico—ultimately resorted to compulsory means to “liquidate” the community between 1927 and 1935.

The Female Tonsure and Female Monasticism in Old Russia and the Balkans

This paper describes a rare rite of female tonsure that is known from five Slavonic Euchologia (Trebnik) of the 13th–16th centuries and attempts to investigate on the basis of historical sources how this rite of tonsure could be applied in the Balkans and in Early Russia. N. F. Krasnosel′tsev suggested that this tonsure was of a very ancient origin and was intended for tonsuring virgins who took the vow of celibacy. The Greek original of this rite is preserved only in one known Euchologion Coisl.213 (1027). We argue that its Slavonic translation is of a Serbian origin and was made not earlier than in the 13thcentury, but that it apparently was not used in the Balkans afterwards. In Early Russia this rite is scantily attested in written sources — since the 14thcentury its content was shortened and influenced by the later practice of tonsure. However, historical sources prove that tonsuring of virgins was very common in Kievan Rus′ with its urban convents, while it was practically unknown in the Balkans. In medieval Bulgaria and Serbia there were recorded cases of widows tonsured without entering the monastery. It is difficult to say whether before the end of 14th century any fully developed female monastic communities existed in this region in the form in which they are known in Rus′. Probably, the rite of tonsure of virgins in Old Russia was very close to the rite from the manuscript Gilf.21, though, most likely, it did not contain the final part — the prayer for the removal of the veil (kukol'), as in Coisl.213.