PROVISION OF RIGHTS AND SOCIETAL BEHAVIOR TOWARDS HIJRAS OF ISLAMABAD

In Pakistan hijras (transgender people) live in the form of groups. When parents come to know that one of their children is hijra, they start to hate and abuse that child. They feel insulted to have a child who is neither male nor female. Other family members and relatives also exploit them. Due to this attitude of family, hijra youth leave their homes and start to live in the hijra community in the city. This study explains the given phenomenon in detail with some specific objectives. The objectives of this study are to explain the provision of basic rights to hijras and the problem faced by hijras in Pakistani society. How people behave with hijras is also among the objectives of this study. Qualitative research methods have been used to answer the questions in the present study. In this study, framework analysis tool has been used under the thematic analysis approach of data. Results of the present study revealed that hijras are the most misunderstood and socially excluded group of society. They are marginalized at every stage of society and not given basic rights. People are not willing to accept and give rights to them. The authorities, especially the police abuse them physically. Due to this societal behavior, hijras are involved in prostitution, drinking, and smoking. They get involve in these activities just because of their marginalization and lack of basic rights. This study concludes that there should be proper rights for the hijra community. Keywords: Gurus, Hijras, Islamabad, Marginalization, Rights

Holding the Police to Account

Whilst there are various mechanisms to curb incidents of police abuse of power, legal control provides one of the most effective ways of enhancing police accountability. Though enforcement of the legal instruments may be a challenge, the mere presence of the legal instruments may provide a fertile ground for other accountability measures. This chapter, which is largely based on literature and documentary survey, explores the legal instruments of accountability in the Republic of Zimbabwe. The chapter specifically focuses on the Constitution and the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. The chapter begins by giving an overview of the international and regional legal framework before discussing the national legal framework for police accountability.

Monitoring via the Courts: Judicial Oversight and Police Violence in India

Can the creation of court-mandated accountability institutions improve human rights? In this article, we investigate the extent to which court-ordered accountability institutions decrease government repression in the form of police violence. We argue that the creation of regional bodies to which citizens report allegations of police abuse provides “fire-alarm” oversight by which police officers can be monitored for abuses of power. To test the implications of our theory, we take advantage of variance in the implementation of Prakash Singh and Others v. Union of India and Others, a 2006 judgment by the Supreme Court of India requiring states and districts to establish local Police Complaints Authorities (PCAs). Using a difference-in-difference design, we show the implementation of state PCAs to be associated with statistically and substantively significant decreases in human rights violations by Indian police officers.

“Can I Live”: Black American Adolescent Boys’ Reports of Police Abuse and the Role of Religiosity on Mental Health

State sanctioned violence aimed at Black individuals and communities is an issue that has pervaded American history and society since before the establishment of the United States. For Black males, anticipating and preparing for involuntary police contact, unfortunately, is an inevitable part of life. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of reports of police abuse on mental health and perceived racial out-group perceptions and the protective role of religiosity among a nationally representative sample of Black American adolescent boys (Mage = 14.98). Linear multiple regression was used to determine the interactive effects of subjective religiosity and reported police abuse on Black American adolescent boys. Higher reports of subjective religiosity were associated with lower depressive symptomatology. Reports of police abuse were associated with lower public regard beliefs (belief that society views Black Americans less favorably). Results highlight the impact experiencing police abuse has on Black adolescent boys and we conclude with implications, areas for future research and intervention points.

Life’s Transitions to the Black Panther Party

Pete O’Neal describes his failed first marriage and his inability to adapt to a standard working-class life style. Once free from marriage he achieves his 12th Street ideal by becoming a pimp, only to experience a mental and spiritual breakdown. He commits himself to working for the black community and forms the Black Vigilantes to protect blacks from police abuse. He travels to the Black Panther Party headquarters in Oakland, California, to train and then get permission to form a branch of the Party in Kansas City. He describes the Party’s personnel, structure, and workings in Kansas. Pete marries fellow member Charlotte Hill, and years later both recollect their first meeting and how the Party saved their lives.

“Willing Victims”: The Prevalence of Violence And Public Discourse against Indigenous Women and Girls

Drawing on the current research, I argue that the extensive violence against Canada's Indigenous women and girls is enabled by public discourses that rely heavily on racist stereotypes. I use Razack's theoretical framework of "gendered disposibility" and "colonial terror" as a lense for critically viewing violence against Indigenous women and girls. To demonstrate the severity of violence, evidence from the Highway of Tears cases, incidents of police abuse, and the creation of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls are all covered.