INDO-PAK HYDROPOLITICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DISPUTED JAMMU AND KASHMIR

India and Pakistan have been fighting over Kashmir, a contested region that is claimed by both the countries. Competition over waterways and dependence over water assets of Kashmir remains a bone of contention between India and Pakistan. This Research paper discusses the dependence of India and Pakistan over water sources originating from Kashmir. Kashmir, besides emotional attachment also has strategic, economic and political benefits for India and Pakistan. In the twenty first century, traditional concepts of state security have been changed. We have moved from traditional security aspects to non-traditional security aspects. Water is included in one of the non-traditional security aspects. India having all cards in hands is showing its’ hegemonic by choking the loose points of Pakistan. Though Indus Water treaty was signed in 1960’s to resolve the water issues between the two countries, but still we have not found any direct solution that will resolve the water crisis and provide permanent peace in the region. There is no way forward which will provide a win win situation for India, Pakistan and Kashmir in Indus water treaty. The researcher accounted that Indus Water Treaty has proved successful as far as its’ theoretical approach is concerned, but has failed in implementation and practicality. The researcher has used Hourglass model to analyze the Indus Water Treaty and to suggest the way forward that will lead towards a conflict resolution. Mixed methods have been used in the research from secondary sources to analyze water dependence. The research also seeks to analyze Indus water treaty and to explore the prospects for equal division of water resources. The subject matter of the research is Indo-Pak water dependency over water of Kashmir with a focus on how it will contribute towards the socio-economic status of India and Pakistan in the region and also how much dependence on water would affect the regional peace and stability in Kashmir conflict. Keywords: Conflict resolution, Hourglass glass model, Kashmir conflict, India-Pakistan water dependency, Indus water Treaty, Composite Dialogue process.

EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON STUDENTS PERFORMANCE AT K-12 LEVEL: PLANS FOR STEM EDUCATION

It was decided by the government of Pakistan to close all educational institutions on 13th March, 2020 and all citizens were strictly advised to remain at their homes to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the country. Due to the global pandemic, it was hypothesized that it would have a negative impact on K-12 students in their annual examinations of 2020 in science, mathematics, and technology subjects. There was constant hike in the COVID-19 cases and due to lack of technological resources in Pakistan, the country has been facing very difficult time since pandemic, especially in the area of STEM education. The data was collected from three teachers at a government secondary school in Malakand District Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. These teachers were specialized in mathematics, natural sciences and technology respectively. The researcher gathered insight of teachers on the possible effects of COVID-19 on the performance of students in their respective subjects by using a semi-structured interview technique. The study unveiled that if the COVID-19 epidemic persisted for a long time, it is possible that the proportion of the secondary school students in the annual examinations would be decreased due to the disturbed academic calendar of schools. Keywords: COVID-19, STEM Subjects, Mathematics Education, Pakistan Education

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND HEALTH ISSUES FACED BY WOMEN AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS ABOUT PREVENTING MEASURES IN DISTRICT JAIL FAISALABAD, PUNJAB PAKISTAN: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Crime committed by a woman is an important factor that influences the family’s harmony and social stability. In recent years, the female crime rate has been a gradual increase, and its growth rate has exceeded that of male crime in the corresponding period. This not only relates to the weakly legal consciousness of a small number of women but also relates with the families and the society. To effectively prevent and control female crime. Efforts should be made to enhance women's legal and moral education, combat domestic violence, perfect the legal system, improve the social security system, and strengthen the assistance and education to female prisoners. This study is designed to investigate the psychological and health issues faced by women who are under lock in the district jail Faisalabad. The study was qualitative and the case study method was used for data collection from the district jail Faisalabad. The present study was conducted in the district jail of Faisalabad. 15 Women were taken as a sample size that is under lock in the district jail Faisalabad. In-depth interviews were conducted with the respondents, to explore their psychological and health issues. Moreover, thematic analysis was applied to draw the results and analysis. Keywords: Psychological, health, women, family’s harmony, preventing measures, thematic analysis

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND GENDER UNIFORMITY

This study explores that how the economy depends upon different factors, including quality, gender direction association and the possibility of business. Gender reasonableness and women's undertaking are key factors for monetary unforeseen development. To take a gender at the association between gender consistency and women's undertaking rates, this paper examines how gender direction express financial activities and women's ambitious soul relate. The study depicts the association between the Gender headway rates familiarized by the UN and the dissimilar periods of female business (made by the Global Entrepreneurial Monitor, GEM) through comparability examination. Our results show that women's undertaking is not in a general sense associated with gender correspondence. Keywords: Female undertaking, Gender direction consistency, money related unforeseen development

AN INVESTIGATION OF CELL PHONE USES IN THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL

The study investigated the uses of a cell phone in educational activities of students at a higher level. The recommendation of National Professional Standards on the use of ICT in education provides a strong theoretical background for the study. The objectives of the study focused on the investigation of the perception of teachers and students regarding the uses of the cell phone in educational activities and effective communication between students and teachers for educational progress. Adopting a descriptive research design, a survey was carried out to investigate one hundred respondents by using a self-developed questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed through percentage and findings were tabulated consequently which show that majority of respondent uses a cell phone for instructive activities and having positive effects on students’ educational performances. Furthermore, the uses of a cell phone in educational activities facilitate teachers and students at the same level in organizing their teaching and learning activities. Keywords: Cell phone, Students’ National Professional Standards, Instructional Activities, etc

A HISTORICAL STUDY OF ROLE OF THE LEFT IN THE MOVEMENT FOR RESTORATION OF DEMOCRACY

The movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) was launched against the then military dictatorship in Pakistan in the 1980s. This paper is an attempt to present a historical sketch of the movement and also to discuss the role of the Left in that movement. The study considers those political parties as ‘Left’ which were following Socialist/Communist ideology, based in Sindh, province of Pakistan, specifically Awami Tehrik, a Marxist-Leninist-Moist party, and the Communist Party of Pakistan. This research is based on relevant literature, especially jail diaries and conducting interviews with victims of Communist Case registered by then military regime against communist leaders. The research addresses the events and mass movements launched by the Left in order to strengthen the movement for the restoration of democracy. Moreover, this paper shows how the Left converted a movement for the restoration of democracy into a great mass movement against the then military dictatorship. Key Words: Communist case, democracy, left, military dictatorship, movement for restoration of democracy, Pakistan, Sindh.

PANDEMIC-PLUS: THE COVID-19 LOCKDOWN AND ITS CORRELATION WITH DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

The countrywide lockdown in Pakistan was enforced on the 1st of April which lasted till the 9th of May 2020. The Punjab Unified Communication and Response (PUCAR-15) statistical data indicates that a total of 25 percent rise was observed in the cases of domestic violence during the lockdown. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the evidence, reason, and corrective measures to limit and control the domestic violence against women in Pakistan. This paper analyzes the current literature, legal framework, and necessary preventive measures to tackle the issue of domestic violence to safeguard the women staying at home. Keywords: COVID-19, Lockdown, Domestic Violence, Women rights, Pakistan

JIHADI MILITANCY IN BAJAUR AGENCY AND ITS IMPACT IN THE AREA

It is undeniable fact that the newly merger District Bajaur in Malakand Division of Pakistan is the victimized of Jehadism, Talibanization and militancy, left indelible imprints on the socio-economic and political lives of the local people. This article aims to focus on the origin; growth of jihadi militancy in the area with special emphasis on the impact of the military operation on Bajaur District of Pakistan. The Paper discusses that how the militants established the F.M radio station for mass mobilization and succeed in the emergence of Tahrik-i-Taliban Bajaur and the rise of militancy in the area. A descriptive method was used in which both primary and secondary sources in the form of Interviews, journals, books, and reports were consulted and reviewed while carrying out this research paper. The article highlights that Maulvi (Muslim religious scholar) Faqeer Muhammad, the vice chief, and some other prominent leaders of Tahrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) were intended to accomplish the mission of Sufi Muhammad to implement Shariah (Islamic) law through an unlawful and violent armed struggle in Bajaur Agency of Pakistan. In this process, many civilians, government servants, and large numbers of notables were being killed and abducted for ransom. Besides, heavy losses were also reported in the form of severe damages to educational institutions, houses, agriculture, livestock, poultry farms, and small-scale industries. It is concluded from the study that militancy and military operation had a paramount negative impact on the lives of local inhabitants of District Bajaur. Keywords: Taliban, Bajaur, Militancy, Law, Maulvi.

AN INVESTIGATION OF PEER-TO-PEER ONLINE HEALTH COMMUNICATION: PERSPECTIVES OF PAKISTANI ADOLESCENT GIRLS

Online communication has already replaced the traditional means of communications as it offers a great platform for boys and girls to have discussions on various topics including health issues. The objectives of the study were to examine the peer-to-peer online communication about the healthy lifestyle of Pakistani teenage girls. The study was qualitative in nature, which investigates experiences and reasons for using online tools by Pakistani teenage girls for discussing healthy lifestyles. For this purpose, (10) semi-structured interviews of Pakistani teenage girls were conducted. The results revealed that physical and mental health is positively affected by sharing experiences with online peers. Obtaining information, getting emotional support, sharing, and exchanging personal health problems and issues using online communication proved to be beneficial for teenage Pakistani girls. However, evaluation of positive results of online peer to peer communication on health-related topics is still attainable. One of the reasons for Pakistani teenage girls to seek a healthy lifestyle online is cultural barriers, expensive medical treatments, not consulting nutritionists, and unavailability of medical centers in Pakistan. Having a greater amount of discussion with the peer’s online, emotional support, trust, self-esteem extensively related to Pakistani girl’s perception. A positive environment and eminence of social and emotional support through online groups can yield good results on the health of an individual. Keyword: Online Communication, Health, Teen Age Girls, Pakistan, Mental Health

PUBLIC PERCEPTION TOWARDS PTI GOVERNMENT IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCATION SECTOR

PTI came to power with an “agenda of change” in K.P that has been marred by many problems, including low literacy rate and poor quality of education. There is a growing demand in public for the provision and uplifting of the standard of education, particularly in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. An analysis has been made of the PTI government policies and reforms in education sector and to evaluate public perception regarding these initiative that the government has introduced in education. The present government is keen in its approach to bring uniformity in the curricula for the whole province. This study is very significant as it will study the reform policies of the PTI government from the prism of good governance and will also analyse the opinion and point of view of the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa towards these reforms. It will measure the perceptions of the people and their level of satisfaction/ non-satisfaction from the government. An effort has been made to bring the attention of the government and policy makers. Key Words; MDGS, Public Perceptions, Governance, Reforms, Literacy